AC Repair: Specialist Cooling Service Ensures Your Home Stays Cool And Comfortable During Hot Days

Types of Air Conditioner Repair Work Solutions

Ever had your air conditioning unit sputter to a halt just as the summer season sun peaks? It's a frustrating situation-- one that makes you recognize how many parts need to work in consistency for cool air to flow. From frozen coils to refrigerant leakages, the difficulties differ, however the services don't need to be a mystery.

Typical AC Repair Categories

Refrigerant Recharge and Leakage Repair Work: Without the right quantity of refrigerant, your system struggles to cool your space. Identifying leakages is crucial to bring back efficiency.
Compressor and Fan Motor Repairs: These parts are the heart and lungs of your AC. When they fail, air flow and cooling capability plunge.
Thermostat Calibration and Replacement: Sometimes the culprit is your thermostat sending out mixed signals-- changing or swapping it out brings convenience back on track.
Electrical Part Repair Work: Faulty electrical wiring or capacitors interfere with performance, often causing unforeseen shutdowns or irregular habits.
Drain Pipes Line Cleansing and Repair Work: Blocked condensate lines can trigger water damage and system shutdowns if neglected.

How Bold City Heating and Air Manages These Obstacles

Imagine strolling into your home after a blistering day, welcomed by a sanctuary of cool air. Bold City Heating and Air transforms that dream into reality by mastering every facet of AC repair. They don't simply patch leakages or swap parts-- they detect the origin with surgical precision.

Frozen coils? They thaw the issue and prevent future freeze-ups. Electrical problems? They trace every wire to make sure stability and security. Thermostat problems? They tweak settings for ideal environment control. No issue is too twisted, no breakdown too obscure.

What sets Strong City apart is their dedication to thoroughness. Each repair unfolds like a thoroughly choreographed dance, ensuring your system runs efficiently, effectively, and quietly. It's not just about repairing what's broken; it has to do with bring back comfort and cool convenience, all while extending the life of your unit.

Unwinding the Mysteries of AC Malfunctions

Imagine stepping into your home after a scorching day, only to be greeted by a wave of warm, stagnant air. That sinking sensation? It usually implies your a/c system is having a hard time. Amongst the myriad of missteps, refrigerant leaks typically play the villain. Not just do they sap the cooling power, however they silently wear down performance, leaving your energy costs to balloon. Have you ever wondered why your AC cycles on and off so often? This phenomenon, called short cycling, could be the system's desperate cry for assistance due to dirty filters or defective thermostat calibration.

Expert Insights: Translating the Signs

Bold City Heating and Air recognizes how irritating it can be when your system declines to blow cold air or, even worse, floods your home with unexpected wetness. Their technicians approach each issue with an investigator's accuracy. For example, clogged condensate drains often masquerade as minor annoyances however can cause water damage if ignored.

Tips and Tricks Just Pros Share

Regularly inspect and clean your evaporator coil; dust accumulation can minimize cooling efficiency by as much as 30%.
Ensure your thermostat is positioned away from direct sunshine or heat-emitting home appliances to prevent incorrect readings.
Listen for unusual sounds like rattling or hissing-- these frequently precede compressor or refrigerant problems.
Check for ice development on coils; it indicates airflow constraint and needs immediate attention.

Typical Problems and Their Treatments

Problem	Possible Cause	Quick Fix
Warm Air Blowing	Refrigerant leakage or filthy filter	Seal leaks and replace filters
Brief Biking	Thermostat or electrical concerns	Recalibrate thermostat and examine wiring
Water Leakage	Blocked condensate drain	Clear the drain pipe
Unusual Noises	Loose parts or compressor concerns	Tighten parts or service compressor

Vital Instruments for Identifying AC Problems

Ever tried fixing an air conditioner with just a screwdriver and a prayer? The truth is even more technical. The heart of reliable a/c repair work depend on the accuracy of the tools wielded. A manifold gauge set, for instance, isn't simply an elegant gadget; it's the mechanic's stethoscope, exposing the surprise pressures within the system's veins. Without it, thinking the refrigerant levels resembles reading tea leaves.

Bold City Heating and Air comprehends how essential these subtle readings are. They approach each unit with a toolkit that's not just extensive but carefully calibrated, making sure every twist, turn, and valve modification strikes the mark. Their understanding of the nuances in pressure variations and temperature level gradients changes a job from uncertainty to science.

Tools That Transform Repair into Art

Digital Multimeter: Measures voltage, existing, and resistance. Finds electrical faults that can calmly sabotage your air conditioner system.
Thermometer: Important for determining temperature level differentials across coils, indicating air flow or refrigerant issues.
Leak Detectors: Utilizing UV color or electronic sensing units, these unveil the undetectable leakages that drain pipes effectiveness.
Vacuum Pumps: Evacuate moisture and air, vital in preparing the system for a flawless recharge.

In my experience, even the smallest ignored information-- like a somewhat broken gasket-- can waterfall into a system-wide inefficiency - Bold City Heating and Air. Vibrant City's technicians don't just repair; they anticipate the subtle whispers of wear and tear before they shout out as breakdowns

Expert Tips from the Field

Constantly double-check manifold gauge readings at various times of the day; ambient temperature level shifts can affect accuracy.
Use a microamp clamp meter to detect faint electrical draws that suggest stopping working capacitors or motors.
When leaving a system, watch for the "searching" impact in the vacuum gauge, a professional clue showing caught wetness.

Tools are only as excellent as the hands that wield them. Bold City Heating and Air's mastery of their instruments elevates air conditioning repair work from a simple service to a finely tuned craft.

Necessary Safety Steps for Air Conditioner Repair Work

Electrical dangers prowl in every corner of a/c repair work, particularly when handling capacitors holding recurring charge. Have you ever wondered why an unexpected shock can amaze even skilled specialists? It's since a charged capacitor can store harmful energy long after the unit is powered down. That's why Bold City Heating and Air demands extensive discharge procedures before touching any parts.

Working around refrigerants requires not just precision but likewise vigilance. Leakages can silently poison the air or trigger frostbite on contact. When tackling these invisible risks, protective gear isn't optional-- it's a lifeline. They understand that fumbling without proper gloves and safety glasses is comparable to dancing with threat.

For those venturing into DIY repairs, observe these expert suggestions:

Constantly cut power at the breaker panel before opening the system.
Use a multimeter to validate absolutely no voltage before continuing.
Use insulated gloves and eye defense to secure versus electrical shock and refrigerant exposure.
Manage refrigerant lines with care-- avoid punctures or sharp bends that can cause leakages.
Keep a fire extinguisher rated for electrical fires close by.

Picture the scary of a sudden spark in a dirty, enclosed area-- fires ignite in the blink of an eye. Bold City Heating and Air's specialists use precise cleaning routines to get rid of dust build-up that might otherwise sustain unexpected combustion.

Security Checklist Before Beginning Repair Work

Safety Action	Why It Matters
Power Isolation	Avoids accidental electrocution and equipment damage
Capacitor Discharge	Gets rid of kept electrical energy that can cause shocks
Protective Gear Usage	Shields skin and eyes from refrigerants and particles
Leak Detection	Ensures air quality and prevents refrigerant loss
Workspace Ventilation	Decreases inhalation dangers and dissipates combustible gases

In the world of a/c repair work, rushing through security checks is like avoiding actions on a high wire-- one bad move can cascade into disaster. Bold City Heating and Air's dedication to these safety measures transforms a risky venture into a managed, foreseeable operation. They remain alert, understanding that true proficiency in air conditioner repair is as much about protecting lives as it has to do with restoring comfort.

Cooling Solutions in Jacksonville, FL

Jacksonville, FL is a lively city known for its substantial park system, lovely beaches, and prospering arts scene. As the biggest city by area in the continental United States, it offers homeowners and visitors plenty of outside activities, including boating along the St - Bold City Heating and Air. Johns River and exploring the Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens. The city's warm climate makes efficient a/c essential for convenience and health throughout the year

For those in requirement of cooling services, Bold City Heating and Air supplies professional assistance and free assessments to assist guarantee your home or service stays cool and comfortable. Reach out to them for trustworthy recommendations and solutions on AC repair work tailored to your requirements.

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Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens: The Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens displays a wide collection of art representing different eras and cultures. Guests can also discover beautiful formal gardens overlooking the St. Johns River in Jacksonville FL.
Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens: Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens presents a diverse assortment of creatures and flora from across the globe. It provides captivating exhibits, educational programs, and conservation efforts for visitors of all ages. Jacksonville FL
Museum of Science and History: This Museum of Science & History in Jacksonville FL presents interactive exhibits and a planetarium suitable for all ages. Guests can discover science, history, and culture through interesting displays and educational programs.
Kingsley Plantation: Kingsley Plantation is a historic site that provides a glimpse into Florida plantation history, including the lives of enslaved people and the planter family. Visitors can investigate the grounds, such as the slave quarters, plantation house, and barn. Jacksonville FL
Fort Caroline National Memorial: Fort Caroline National Memorial remembers the 16th-century French endeavor to found a colony in Florida. It provides displays and trails investigating the history and natural environment of the area in Jacksonville FL.
Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve: Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve safeguards one of the last pristine coastal marshes on the Atlantic Coast. It maintains the history of the Timucuan Indians, European explorers, and plantation owners.
Friendship Fountain: Friendship Fountain is a huge, famous water fountain in Jacksonville FL. It showcases remarkable water shows and lights, making it a well-liked site and meeting spot.
Riverside Arts Market: Riverside Arts Market in Jacksonville FL, is a lively weekly arts and crafts market under the Fuller Warren Bridge. It features local artisans, on-stage music, food vendors, and a beautiful view of the St. Johns River.
San Marco Square: San Marco Square is a delightful shopping and eating district with a European-style atmosphere. It is famous for its exclusive shops, restaurants, and the famous fountain with lions. Jacksonville FL
St Johns Town Center: St. Johns Town Center is an high-end outdoor shopping mall in Jacksonville FL, featuring a blend of luxury retailers, well-known labels, and eateries. It is a leading destination for shopping, eating, and entertainment in Northeast Florida.
Avondale Historic District: Avondale Historic District showcases appealing early 20th-century architecture and specialty shops. It's a vibrant neighborhood known for its local restaurants and historic character. Jacksonville FL
Treaty Oak Park: Treaty Oak Park is a lovely park in Jacksonville FL, home to a huge, ancient oak tree. The park offers a calm escape with walking paths and breathtaking views of the St. Johns River.
Little Talbot Island State Park: Little Talbot Island State Park in Jacksonville FL provides immaculate beaches and varied ecosystems. Visitors can enjoy recreation like hiking, camping, and wildlife viewing in this unspoiled coastal environment.
Big Talbot Island State Park: Big Talbot Island State Park in Jacksonville FL, provides amazing shoreline scenery and varied habitats for nature enthusiasts. Discover the unique boneyard beach, hike picturesque trails, and watch abundant wildlife in this lovely wildlife preserve.
Kathryn Abbey Hanna Park: Kathryn Abbey Hanna Park in Jacksonville FL, provides a stunning beach, forested paths, and a 60-acre freshwater lake for leisure. It's a well-known spot for camping, surfing, kayaking, and biking.
Jacksonville Arboretum and Gardens: Jacksonville Arboretum & Gardens provides a beautiful ecological getaway with diverse paths and specialty gardens. Guests can explore a range of plant life and savor serene outside recreation.
Memorial Park: Memorial Park is a 5.25-acre area that serves as a homage to the over 1,200 Floridians who lost their lives in World War I. The park features a sculpture, reflecting pool, and gardens, providing a space for memory and reflection. Jacksonville FL
Hemming Park: Hemming Park is Jacksonville FL's oldest park, a historic open square hosting events, markets, and community gatherings. It offers a green space in the center of downtown with art exhibits and a lively atmosphere.
Metropolitan Park: Metropolitan Park in Jacksonville FL offers a beautiful waterfront location for occasions and recreation. With play areas, a music stage, and scenic views, it's a well-known destination for locals and visitors as well.
Confederate Park: Confederate Park in Jacksonville FL, was initially designated to honor Confederate soldiers and sailors. It has since been renamed and repurposed as a place for community events and recreation.
Beaches Museum and History Park: Beaches Museum & History Park protects and shares the one-of-a-kind history of Jacksonville's beaches. Discover exhibits on local life-saving, surfing, and original beach communities.
Atlantic Beach: The city of Atlantic Beach features a charming coastal town with beautiful beaches and a peaceful atmosphere. Visitors can enjoy surfing, swimming, and investigating local shops and restaurants in Jacksonville FL.
Neptune Beach: Neptune Beach provides a traditional Florida beach town experience with its grainy beaches and relaxed vibe. Visitors can enjoy surfing, swimming, and exploring nearby shops and restaurants near Jacksonville FL.
Jacksonville Beach: Jacksonville Beach is a lively coastal city well-known for its grainy shores and surfing scene. It provides a mix of leisure activities, restaurants, and nightlife along the Atlantic Ocean.
Huguenot Memorial Park: Huguenot Memorial Park provides a stunning beachfront spot with options for camping, fishing, and birdwatching. Guests can savor the natural charm of the region with its diverse wildlife and scenic coastal views in Jacksonville FL.
Castaway Island Preserve: Castaway Island Preserve in Jacksonville FL, offers picturesque trails and boardwalks through diverse ecosystems. Visitors can relish nature walks, bird watching, and exploring the splendor of the coastal area.
Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State Park: Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State Park in Jacksonville FL safeguards the dirt remains of a Civil War Southern fort. Visitors can explore the historical location and discover regarding its meaning by way of interpretive displays.
Mandarin Museum & Historical Society: The Mandarin Museum & Historical Society safeguards the history of the Mandarin in Jacksonville FL. Visitors are able to discover exhibits and artifacts that display the location's unique history.
Museum of Southern History: The Museum of Southern History displays artifacts and displays connected to the history and culture of the Southern United States. Guests can delve into a variety of topics, including the Civil War, slavery, and Southern art and literature. Jacksonville FL
The Catty Shack Ranch Wildlife Sanctuary: The Catty Shack Ranch Wildlife Sanctuary in Jacksonville FL, offers guided foot tours to view rescued big cats and other uncommon animals. It's a not-for-profit organization dedicated to offering a secure, loving, forever home for these animals.

Air Conditioning Installation: Correct installation of cooling systems assures good and comfortable indoor climates. This critical process assures best performance and longevity of climate control units.
Air Conditioner: ACs cool inside spaces by removing heat and humidity. Proper installation by qualified technicians ensures efficient performance and ideal climate control.
Hvac: Hvac systems control temperature and air quality. They are vital for creating climate control answers in buildings.
Thermostat: The Thermostat is the control center for adjusting temperature in HVAC systems. It tells the cooling unit to turn on and off, keeping the desired indoor environment.
Refrigerant: Refrigerant is crucial for temperature control systems, extracting heat to generate cold air. Correct handling of refrigerants is vital during HVAC setup for effective and secure operation.
Compressor: This Compressor is a vital heart of the cooling system, pumping refrigerant. This process is essential for effective temperature control in climate control systems.
Evaporator Coil: An Evaporator Coil absorbs heat from inside air, bringing it down. This component is essential for efficient climate control system setup in buildings.
Condenser Coil: The Condenser Coil serves as an integral component in refrigeration systems, dissipating heat outside. It facilitates the heat transfer needed for effective indoor climate management.
Ductwork: Ductwork is essential for dispersing treated air all through a building. Suitable duct layout and installation are vital for efficient climate control system positioning.
Ventilation: Efficient Ventilation is important for adequate airflow and indoor air standard. It plays a vital role in ensuring maximum operation and efficiency of climate control equipment.
Heat Pump: Heat pumps move heat, offering both heating and cooling. They're essential parts in contemporary climate control system setups, providing energy-efficient temperature regulation.
Split System: Split System offer both cooling and heating through an indoor unit connected to an outdoor compressor. They provide a ductless answer for temperature regulation in certain rooms or areas.
Central Air Conditioning: Central air conditioning systems chill whole homes from a sole, potent unit. Correct installation of these systems is essential for efficient and effective home cooling.
Energy Efficiency Ratio: Energy Efficiency Ratio measures cooling effectiveness: higher Energy Efficiency Ratio indicates improved operation and reduced energy use for climate control systems. Choosing a unit with a high Energy Efficiency Ratio can significantly reduce long-term costs when setting up a new climate control system.
Variable Speed Compressor: Variable Speed Compressor alter refrigeration output to match need, boosting performance and comfort in climate control systems. This exact adjustment lowers energy waste and keeps consistent temperatures in building environments.
Compressor Maintenance: Compressor Maintenance ensures efficient operation and longevity in refrigeration systems. Ignoring it can lead to expensive repairs or system breakdowns when setting up climate control.
Air Filter: Air Filter trap dust and particles, making sure of pure airflow within HVAC systems. This enhances system efficiency and indoor air condition throughout temperature regulation process.
Installation Manual: The Installation Manual gives crucial direction for properly installing a cooling system. It guarantees proper procedures are followed for optimal performance and safety during the unit's setup.
Electrical Wiring: Electrical Wiring is critical for powering and regulating the components of climate control systems. Correct wiring assures safe and efficient operation of the cooling and heating units.
Indoor Unit: The Indoor Unit moves conditioned air within a room. It's a vital part for climate control systems, guaranteeing proper temp control in structures.
Outdoor Unit: This Outdoor Unit houses the compressor and condenser, dissipating heat externally. It's essential for a full climate control system setup, guaranteeing effective cooling inside.
Maintenance: Routine care ensures efficient performance and lengthens the lifespan of climate control systems. Proper Maintenance averts breakdowns and improves the efficiency of installed cooling setups.
Energy Efficiency: Energy Efficiency is essential for reducing energy consumption and expenses when installing new climate control systems. Emphasizing effective equipment and proper installation minimizes environmental impact and increases long-term savings.
Thermodynamics: Thermo explains how heat transfers and transforms energy, crucial for cooling setup system. Efficient climate control creation relies on Thermodynamics principles to optimize energy use during setup location.
Building Codes: Building Codes assure proper and safe HVAC system arrangement in structures. They control aspects like energy performance and ventilation for climate control systems.
Load Calculation: Load calculations determines the heating and cooling demands of a area. It's crucial for picking correctly dimensioned HVAC units for effective climate control.
Mini Split: Mini Splits offer a no-duct approach to climate control, providing targeted heating and cooling. Their simple installation makes them appropriate for spaces where adding ductwork for temperature control is impractical.
Air Handler: The Air Handler moves treated air around a building. It's a crucial component for correct climate control system installation.
Insulation: Thermal protection is crucial for keeping effective temperature regulation within a building. It reduces heat exchange, lessening the workload on cooling systems and optimizing climate control setups.
Drainage System: Drainage systems remove condensate created by cooling equipment. Proper drainage avoids water damage and ensures effective operation of HVAC setups.
Filter: Filters are crucial components that remove contaminants from the air throughout the installation of climate control systems. This guarantees purer air flow and safeguards the system's inner components.
Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning: Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning systems control indoor climate by regulating temperature, humidity, and air quality. Proper setup of these systems ensures economical and effective cooling and environmental control within buildings.
Split System Air Conditioner: Split system air conditioners provide effective cooling and heating by separating the compressor and condenser from the air handler. Their structure eases the procedure of setting up climate control in residences and businesses.
Hvac Technician: Hvac Technicians are qualified professionals who specialize in the configuration of temperature regulation systems. They ensure correct operation and effectiveness of these systems for ideal indoor well-being.
Indoor Air Quality: Indoor Air Quality significantly affects comfort and health, so HVAC system setup should emphasize filtration and ventilation. Proper system planning and installation is vital for optimizing air quality.
Condensate Drain: The Condensate Drain eliminates water generated during the cooling process, stopping damage and maintaining system effectiveness. Correct drain setup is vital for effective climate control device and extended performance.
Variable Refrigerant Flow: Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems precisely control refrigerant amount to various zones, providing customized cooling and heating. The technology is vital for establishing efficient and adaptable climate control in building setups.
Building Automation System: Building automation systems coordinate and optimize the operation of HVAC devices. This results in improved temperature regulation and power savings in buildings.
Air Conditioning: HVAC systems adjust indoor temperature and atmosphere. Proper installation of these systems is crucial for optimized and effective Air Conditioning.
Temperature Control: Precise temperature control is crucial for effective climate control system setup. It guarantees optimal performance and comfort in newly installed cooling systems.
Thermistor: Temperature-sensitive resistors are temperature-sensitive resistors used in climate control systems to accurately measure air temperature. This data assists to control system performance, ensuring peak performance and energy efficiency in environmental control setups.
Thermocouple: Thermocouples are temperature sensors vital for ensuring proper HVAC system setup. They accurately gauge temperature, allowing precise modifications and peak climate control function.
Digital Thermostat: Digital Thermostats accurately regulate temperature, optimizing HVAC system performance. They are essential for setting up home climate control systems, ensuring effective and pleasant environments.
Programmable Thermostat: Programmable Thermostats optimize climate control systems by allowing customized temperature routines. This results in enhanced energy efficiency and comfort in residential AC setups.
Smart Thermostat: Smart thermostats streamline house temperature management by learning user desires and changing the temperature on their own. They play a key role in today's HVAC system setups, improving energy efficiency and comfort.
Bimetallic Strip: A Bimetallic Strip, composed of two metals that have different expansion rates, curves in reaction to temperature variations. This property is utilized in HVAC systems to control thermostats and regulate heating or cooling operations.
Capillary Tube Thermostat: The Capillary Tube Thermostat precisely regulates temperature in cooling systems through remote sensing. The component is essential for keeping desired climate control within buildings.
Thermostatic Expansion Valve: The Thermostatic Expansion Valve regulates refrigerant stream into the evaporator, maintaining optimal cooling. This component is essential for effective operation of refrigeration and climate control systems in buildings.
Setpoint: Setpoint is the desired temperature a climate management system intends to reach. It guides the system's performance during climate control setups to preserve desired comfort degrees.
Temperature Sensor: Temperature sensing devices are crucial for controlling heating, air flow, and air conditioning systems by monitoring air temperature and ensuring efficient climate control. Their data assists improve system performance during climate control installation and maintenance.
Feedback Loop: A Feedback Loop assists with controlling temperature during climate control system setup by constantly monitoring and adjusting settings. This ensures peak performance and energy efficiency of installed residential cooling.
Control System: Control Systems regulate heat, humidity, and air circulation in environmental control setups. They assure optimal comfort and energy savings in temperature-controlled environments.
Thermal Equilibrium: Thermal Equilibrium is reached when components attain the same temperature, crucial for efficient climate control system installation. Proper equilibrium guarantees peak performance and energy conservation in placed cooling systems.
Thermal Conductivity: Thermal Conductivity dictates how efficiently materials transfer heat, affecting the cooling system setup. Selecting materials with appropriate thermal properties guarantees best performance of installed climate control systems.
Thermal Insulation: Thermal Insulation minimizes heat flow, ensuring efficient cooling by reducing the workload on climate control systems. This boosts energy efficiency and preserves consistent temperatures in buildings.
On Off Control: On-Off Control keeps wanted temperatures by fully activating or turning off cooling systems. This simple method is vital for controlling environment within buildings throughout environmental control system configuration .
Pid Controller: PID Controllers accurately control temperature in HVAC systems. This makes sure effective climate control during facility climate configuration and functioning.
Evaporator: The Evaporator draws in heat from inside a location, chilling the air. It's a critical part in climate control systems created for home comfort.
Condenser: This Condenser unit is a vital component in cooling equipment, transferring heat extracted from the indoor space to the external environment. Its accurate setup is essential for efficient climate control system location and performance.
Chlorofluorocarbon: CFCs were previously widely used refrigerants that facilitated cooling in many building systems. Their part has decreased due to environmental concerns about ozone depletion.
Hydrofluorocarbon: Hydrofluorocarbon are refrigerants commonly used in cooling systems for buildings and vehicles. Their correct treatment is vital during the installation of climate control systems to avoid environmental damage and assure efficient operation.
Hydrochlorofluorocarbon: HCFCs were once commonly used coolants in air conditioning systems for structures. Their phase-out has resulted in the implementation of more eco-friendly options for new HVAC systems.
Global Warming Potential: Global Warming Potential (GWP) shows how much a certain mass of greenhouse gas contributes to global warming over a set period relative to carbon dioxide. Choosing refrigerants with less GWP is key when building climate control systems to lessen environmental impact.
Ozone Depletion: Ozone Depletion from refrigerants poses environmental dangers. Technicians servicing cooling systems must follow regulations to prevent further harm.
Phase Change: Phase Changes of refrigerants are crucial for efficiently conveying heat in climate control systems. Evaporation and condensation cycles allow cooling by absorbing heat indoors and expelling it outdoors.
Heat Transfer: Heat Transfer principles are crucial for effective climate control system establishment. Grasping conduction, convection, and radiation ensures optimal system performance and energy savings during the course of establishing home cooling.
Refrigeration Cycle: The Refrigeration Cycle moves heat, enabling cooling in HVAC systems. Correct setup and maintenance ensure efficient operation and longevity of these refrigeration options.
Environmental Protection Agency: The Environmental Protection Agency controls refrigerants and establishes standards for HVAC system servicing to safeguard the ozone layer and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Technicians working with cooling equipment must be certified to guarantee proper refrigerant management and stop environmental damage.
Leak Detection: Leak Detection makes certain the soundness of refrigerant lines after climate control system placement. Spotting and addressing leaks is vital for optimal function and ecological safety of newly installed climate control systems.
Pressure Gauge: Pressure gauges are vital tools for monitoring refrigerant levels during HVAC system setup. They ensure optimal performance and prevent damage by verifying pressures are within defined ranges for proper cooling operation.
Expansion Valve: The Expansion Valve modulates refrigerant flow in cooling systems, allowing for efficient heat uptake. It's a vital component for maximum performance in environmental control setups.
Cooling Capacity: Cooling capacity determines how well a system can lower the temperature of a room. Choosing the right level is crucial for peak performance in environmental control system placement.
Refrigerant Recovery: Refrigerant Recovery is the method of removing and keeping refrigerants during HVAC system installations. Correctly recovering refrigerants stops environmental damage and guarantees effective new cooling equipment placements.
Refrigerant Recycling: Refrigerant Recycling recovers and recycles refrigerants, reducing environmental impact. This process is essential when setting up climate control systems, guaranteeing proper handling and preventing ozone depletion.
Safety Data Sheet: Safety Data Sheets (SDS) offer vital information on the safe handling and potential hazards of chemicals utilized in cooling system installation. Technicians depend on SDS data to defend themselves and avoid accidents during HVAC equipment installation and connection.
Synthetic Refrigerant: Synthetic Refrigerants are essential fluids utilized in cooling systems to transfer heat. Their correct management is essential for effective climate control installation and maintenance.
Heat Exchange: Heat Exchange is vital for cooling buildings, allowing effective temperature regulation. It's a critical process in climate control system configuration, facilitating the movement of heat to provide comfortable indoor environments.
Cooling Cycle: Cooling Cycle is the fundamental procedure of heat extraction, using refrigerant to absorb and release heat. This cycle is vital for effective climate control system installation in buildings.
Scroll Compressor: Scroll Compressors effectively compress refrigerant for cooling systems. They are a key component for effective temperature regulation in buildings.
Reciprocating Compressor: Piston pumps are crucial parts that compress refrigerant in cooling systems. They aid heat exchange, enabling effective climate regulation within buildings .
Centrifugal Compressor: Centrifugal Compressors are key components that boost refrigerant stress in big climate management systems. They effectively circulate refrigerant, allowing efficient refrigeration and heating across large areas.
Rotary Compressor: Rotary Compressors are a vital component in refrigeration systems, using a spinning mechanism to compress refrigerant. Their efficiency and compact size make them perfect for climate control setups in diverse applications.
Compressor Motor: The Compressor Motor is the driving force behind the refrigeration process, moving refrigerant. It is vital for correct climate control system installation and function in buildings.
Compressor Oil: Compressor Oil lubricates and seals mechanical parts within a systems' compressor, guaranteeing efficient refrigerant compression for suitable climate regulation. It is important to select the correct type of oil throughout system installation to guarantee durability and peak function of the cooling appliance.
Pressure Switch: A Pressure Switch checks refrigerant amounts, guaranteeing the system operates safely. It prevents damage by shutting down the cooling device if pressure falls outside the acceptable spectrum.
Compressor Relay: A Compressor Relay is an electrical device that manages the compressor motor in cooling systems. It ensures the compressor begins and ceases properly, enabling effective temperature control within climate control systems.
Suction Line: The Suction Line, a key part in cooling systems, transports refrigerant vapor from the evaporator to the compressor. Correct sizing and insulation of this line are essential for effective system performance during climate control installation.
Discharge Line: The Discharge Line transports hot, high-pressure refrigerant gas from the compressor to the condenser. Proper dimensioning and setup of this Discharge Line are critical for the best cooling system setup.
Compressor Capacity: Compressor Capacity dictates the cooling power of a system for indoor climate control. Choosing the right size ensures effective temperature regulation during climate control installation.
Cooling Load: Cooling Load is the volume of heat that must to be taken away from a area to maintain a preferred temperature. Correct cooling load calculation is crucial for appropriate HVAC system setup and size.
Air Conditioning Repair: Air Conditioning Repair ensures systems function optimally after they are installed. It's crucial for maintaining efficient climate control systems installed.
Refrigerant Leak: Refrigerant Leaks decrease cooling efficiency and can lead to equipment malfunction. Addressing these leaks is vital for proper climate control system setup, guaranteeing optimal operation and longevity.
Seer Rating: SEER score shows an HVAC system's cooling performance, affecting long-term energy costs. Elevated SEER values imply greater energy conservation when establishing climate control.
Hspf Rating: HSPF rating demonstrates the heating effectiveness of heat pumps. Higher ratings suggest better energy effectiveness during climate control configuration.
Preventative Maintenance: Preventative Maintenance makes sure HVAC systems work effectively and dependably after setup. Consistent servicing minimizes breakdowns and lengthens the lifespan of HVAC setups.
Airflow: Airflow guarantees effective cooling and heating distribution across a building. Correct Airflow is essential for peak operation and comfort in climate control systems.
Electrical Components: Electrical Components are vital for energizing and controlling systems that govern indoor climate. They ensure suitable performance, safety, and effectiveness in temperature regulation setups.
Refrigerant Charging: Refrigerant Charging is the method of introducing the correct quantity of refrigerant to a cooling system. This assures best performance and efficiency when configuring climate control units.
System Diagnosis: The System Diagnosis process detects possible problems prior to, while, and following HVAC system setup. It guarantees best performance and hinders future problems in climate control systems.
Hvac System: HVAC systems control temperature, moisture, and atmosphere quality in structures. They are critical for setting up climate control solutions in domestic and commercial spaces.
Ductless Air Conditioning: Ductless systems offer targeted temperature control not needing extensive ductwork. They make easier temperature control setup in spaces lacking pre-existing duct systems.
Window Air Conditioner: Window air conditioners are standalone devices installed in panes to chill single spaces. They offer a straightforward method for localized temperature regulation inside a building.
Portable Air Conditioner: Portable Air Conditioner units provide a flexible temperature-control answer for spaces without central systems. They can also provide short-term temperature regulation during HVAC system configurations.
System Inspection: System check ensures suitable installation of cooling systems by confirming component condition and adherence to installation standards. This process guarantees efficient operation and avoids future malfunctions in climate control setups.
Coil Cleaning: Coil Cleaning ensures effective heat transfer, crucial for peak system performance. This maintenance procedure is vital for proper installation of climate control systems.
Refrigerant Recharge: Refrigerant Recharge is essential for recovering chilling ability in cooling systems. It guarantees optimal function and longevity of brand new climate control equipment.
Capacitor: These devices provide the necessary energy boost to begin and operate motors within climate control systems. Their correct function guarantees effective and dependable operation of the cooling unit.
Contactor: A Contactor serves as an electrical switch which controls power for the outdoor unit's components. It allows the cooling system to activate when necessary.
Blower Motor: The Blower Motor circulates air via the ductwork, allowing for efficient heating and cooling distribution within a building. It's a key component for indoor climate control systems, guaranteeing stable temperature and airflow.
Overheating: Overheating can severely hamper the functionality of recently installed climate control systems. Technicians must resolve this issue to guarantee efficient and reliable cooling operation.
Troubleshooting: Troubleshooting identifies and resolves issues that occur during climate control system installation. Effective fixing ensures best system performance and stops future issues during building cooling appliance fitting.
Refrigerant Reclaiming: Refrigerant Reclaiming retrieves and reclaims used refrigerants. This process is vital for eco-friendly HVAC system setup.
Global Warming: Global Warming increases the demand or for cooling systems, requiring demanding more frequent setups installations. This heightened increased need drives fuels innovation in energy-efficient power-saving climate control solutions options.
Montreal Protocol: The Montreal Protocol phases out ozone-depleting substances used in cooling systems. This shift necessitates utilizing alternative refrigerants in new climate control setups.
Greenhouse Gas: Greenhouse gases trap warmth, impacting the energy efficiency and environmental footprint of weather control system setups. Choosing refrigerants with lower global warming potential is vital for eco-friendly weather control execution.
Cfc: CFCs were formerly critical refrigerants in refrigeration systems for structures and vehicles. Their use has been discontinued due to their harmful impact on the ozone layer.
Hcfc: Hcfc were once common refrigerants utilized in refrigeration systems for buildings and vehicles. They facilitated the process of establishing climate control systems, but are now being phased out due to their ozone-depleting properties.
Hfc: HFCs are commonly used refrigerants in refrigeration systems for buildings. Their proper handling is critical during the establishment of these systems to minimize environmental impact.
Refrigerant Oil: Refrigerant oil lubricates the compressor in refrigeration units, ensuring smooth performance and a long lifespan. It's vital for the correct operation of cooling setups.
Phase-Out: Phase-out is about the progressive removal of specific refrigerants with high global warming potential. This impacts the choice and servicing of climate control systems in buildings.
Gwp: GWP indicates a refrigerant's potential to warm the planet if discharged. Lower GWP refrigerants are increasingly preferred in climate-friendly HVAC system setups.
Odp: ODP refrigerants damage the ozone layer, influencing regulations for cooling system setup. Installers must utilize ozone-friendly alternatives during HVAC equipment placement.
Ashrae: ASHRAE defines criteria and recommendations for HVAC system setup. These standards assure effective and secure climate control systems deployment in buildings.
Hvac Systems: Hvac Systems provide temperature and air quality control for indoor environments. They are essential for setting up cooling systems in buildings.
Refrigerant Leaks: Refrigerant Leaks lower cooling system efficiency and can damage the environment. Suitable procedures during climate control unit installation are vital to avoid these leaks and guarantee optimal performance.
Hvac Repair Costs: Hvac Repair Costs can greatly affect decisions about switching to a new temperature system. Unexpected repair costs may encourage homeowners to put money in a full home comfort setup for future savings.
Hvac Installation: Hvac Installation involves installing heating, air flow, and air conditioning systems. This is essential for allowing effective temperature regulation inside buildings.
Hvac Maintenance: Hvac Maintenance guarantees effective operation and extends system lifespan. Proper upkeep is crucial for smooth climate control system setups.
Hvac Troubleshooting: Hvac Troubleshooting identifies and resolves problems in heating, ventilation, and cooling systems. It guarantees peak performance during climate control unit setup and operation.
Zoning Systems: Zoning schemes divide a building into separate areas for personalized temperature regulation. This strategy enhances comfort and energy efficiency during HVAC configuration.
Compressor Types: Various Compressor Types are vital components for effective climate control systems. Their choice significantly impacts system effectiveness and performance in environmental comfort uses.
Compressor Efficiency: Compressor Efficiency is vital, dictating how efficiently the system cools a space for a given energy input. Improving this efficiency directly impacts cooling system installation costs and long-term operational expenses.
Compressor Overheating: Overheating Compressor can seriously damage the device's core, leading to system malfunction. Proper setup ensures sufficient airflow and refrigerant levels, preventing this problem in climate control system placements.
Compressor Failure: Compressor malfunction halts the refrigeration process, requiring expert service during climate control system installations. A faulty compressor compromises the entire system's performance and lifespan when integrating it into a building.
Overload Protector: An Overload Protector safeguards the compressor motor from overheating during climate control system setup. It stops harm by automatically shutting off power when too much current or temperature is detected.
Fan Motor: Fan Motor move air through evaporator and condenser coils, a vital process for effective climate control system setup. They aid heat transfer, ensuring peak cooling and heating operation within the specified space.
Refrigerant Lines: Refrigerant Lines are crucial components that join the inside and outdoor units, circulating refrigerant to help cooling. Their proper correct installation is vital for streamlined and effective climate control system installation.
Condensing Unit: The Condensing Unit is the outdoor component in a cooling system. The unit rejects heat from the refrigerant, enabling indoor temperature regulation.
Heat Rejection: Heat Rejection is essential for cooling systems to efficiently eliminate excess heat from a conditioned space. Correct Heat Rejection ensures optimal performance and longevity of climate control setups.
System Efficiency: System Efficiency is vital for minimizing energy use and operational costs. Improving efficiency during climate control setup ensures long-term savings and environmental advantages.
Pressure Drop: Pressure decrease is the decrease in fluid pressure as it moves through a setup, impacting airflow in environmental control setups. Properly controlling pressure decrease is vital for peak performance and efficiency in climate control systems.
Subcooling: Subcooling process guarantees optimal system performance by cooling the refrigerant below its condensing temperature. This action stops flash gas, boosting refrigeration capacity and efficiency throughout HVAC system setup.
Superheat: Superheat makes sure that only vapor refrigerant goes into the compressor, preventing damage. It's crucial to measure superheat during HVAC system setup to maximize cooling performance and efficiency.
Refrigerant Charge: Refrigerant Charge is the quantity of refrigerant in a unit, vital for peak cooling operation. Proper filling guarantees effective heat exchange and prevents damage during climate control installation.
Corrosion: Corrosion impairs metallic parts, possibly causing leaks and system malfunctions. Protecting against Corrosion is critical for keeping the efficiency and lifespan of climate control arrangements.
Fins: Fins boost the surface area of coils, enhancing heat transfer efficiency. This is vital for best performance in climate control system configurations.
Copper Tubing: Copper Tubing is crucial for refrigerant transfer in HVAC systems owing to its long-lasting nature and effective heat transfer. Its trustworthy connections assure correct system operation during establishment of thermostat units.
Aluminum Tubing: Aluminum piping is essential for conveying refrigerant in climate control systems. Its lightweight and corrosion-resistant properties make it ideal for connecting internal and external units in HVAC setups.
Repair Costs: Unforeseen maintenance can greatly impact the overall expense of setting up a new climate control system. Budgeting for potential Repair Costs ensures a more accurate and comprehensive cost assessment when implementing such a system.

Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648Bold City Heating and Air 8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256 +19043791648

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8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256, United States

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That Florida sun? It doesn’t play. Prepping your HVAC system now means cool breezes later. Clean filters ✔️ Check refrigerant ✔️ Program thermostats ✔️ 🔥 Be heatwave-ready with Bold City Heating & Air! Book your seasonal check-up and beat the summer rush!

3 days ago

Updates from customers

Randolph and the crew were so nice and they did a AWESOME Job of putting in new ductwork & installation. Great group of guys. RT would answer any questions you had. Felt comfortable with them in my home. From the girl at the front desk to everyone involved Thank You!! I Appreciate you all. I definitely would recommend this company to anyone 😊

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6 months ago

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Abe Fernandez

11 reviews · 11 photos

a week ago

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DO NOT HIRE THIS COMPANY. TOOK THEM TO COURT AND WON!

We hired Bold City Heating and Air to replace all our air ducts, and the work they performed was shockingly defective. After the job was done we noticed that … More

Kenneth Jefferson

5 reviews · 3 photos

2 months ago

Jacob; Ben & Josie were very professional and efficient. If I could give 10 stars I would. Very knowledgeable and they kept me informed throughout the whole process of my complete AC installation. The entire process was easy with Bold City … More

Response from the owner 2 months ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, Kenneth & Monique! We're thrilled to hear that Jacob, Ben, and Josie provided you with professional and efficient service during your complete AC installation. At Bold City Heating & Air, … More

WILLIAM MOSIER

2 reviews · 4 photos

a month ago

Crew showed up on time got done earlier than expected. Everything was clean. They were quiet. I was able to work throughout the day while they were installing. Couldn’t have been more perfect. Happy with the service.

Response from the owner a month ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, William! We're thrilled to hear that our team at Bold City Heating & Air made the installation process seamless and respectful of your work day. We appreciate your support and are glad you’re happy with our service! Let us know if you need anything else in the future!

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Bold City Heating & Air

HVAC & Air Conditioning Repair in Jacksonville, FL

Bold City offers premium HVAC service and competitive pricing to the Jacksonville, Jacksonville Beaches and Ponte Vedra areas.

24/7 Fast and Reliable. Jacksonville Grown. Family Owned & Operated.

Summer HVAC Tune Up for Just $89

Get your system ready for the heat!

We’ll inspect, clean, and fine tune your HVAC to boost efficiency, prevent breakdowns, and keep you cool all season long.

Jacksonville’s Best HVAC Company

At Bold City Heating & Air, we offer our customers exceptional service when it comes to HVAC in Jacksonville, FL.

From heating and cooling repairs to energy-efficient HVAC installations that save you money, we do it all. When we opened our family-owned business in 2016, we knew we wanted to be the best around and that’s a passion that still stands.

From the moment you call us to the moment we carry out our work, you can depend on us. We believe in clear upfront pricing, no hidden costs, and the highest level of workmanship. With our NATE-certified technicians and Energy Star systems we give you the perfect combination of choice, value, and customer care.
“Experience the Bold Difference” that is Bold City Heating & Air by calling us today!

We Believe In:

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Trusted Heating and Air Pros in Jacksonville

When it comes to heating and air services in Jacksonville, we offer all the services you need under one roof. But that’s not where our story ends.

From your HVAC system to your ducts and indoor air quality we offer a complete end-to-end solution. Our team is at the heart of everything we do. Our continuous program of education and training ensures our technicians are the best they can be. It also means our entire team stays up to date with the latest systems and technology. From our Energy Star systems to our whole-house approach, you can depend on every service and product we have to offer.

Our educated and experienced HVAC technicians specialize in a broad range of air conditioning, heating & indoor air quality solutions. We are dedicated to finding the right fit for your home or business. Our broad range of expertise ensures a solution to every challenge.

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Keeping you comfortable is our top priority!

When you need an HVAC contractor backed by generations of experience and who truly cares about your satisfaction, turn to Bold City Heating & Air. From air conditioning repairs to the installation of a new energy-efficient heating system, you can depend on our team. We’ll get to you as quickly as we can to solve any problem you might be experiencing.

If you need help with HVAC installation or replacement, we’ll recommend the perfect system and provide you with a competitive quote. We’ll help you to save money on your energy costs going forward and can even help with financing on approved credit.

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Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

Another excellent job by Bold City. Bryan was on time, thorough, explained his analysis and solution, and completed the job. He demonstrated knowledge and expertise while providing a high level of customer service. Well done!!

John L.

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When you’re looking for an HVAC company that you can count on, look no further than Bold City Heating & Air.

Why not try out our award-winning service for yourself? We promise to never give you the upsell. Our technicians don’t get paid commission and we don’t focus on profit margins. We know that if we give our customers the best service, our profits will look after themselves. Whether you’re looking for heating and cooling repairs in Jacksonville or you need HVAC installation or maintenance, speak to our friendly family-owned team.

We’re proud to offer our high quality HVAC services to the residents of Jacksonville. Contact our team at Bold City Heating & Air today and experience our great service for yourself!

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Air conditioning

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about cooling of air. For the Curved Air album, see Air Conditioning (album). For a similar device capable of both cooling and heating, see Heat pump.

"a/c" redirects here. For the abbreviation used in banking and book-keeping, see Account (disambiguation). For other uses, see AC.

There are various types of air conditioners. Popular examples include: Window-mounted air conditioner (China, 2023); Ceiling-mounted cassette air conditioner (China, 2023); Wall-mounted air conditioner (Japan, 2020); Ceiling-mounted console (Also called ceiling suspended) air conditioner (China, 2023); and portable air conditioner (Vatican City, 2018).

Air conditioning, often abbreviated as A/C (US) or air con (UK),^[1] is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space to achieve a more comfortable interior temperature and in some cases also controlling the humidity of internal air. Air conditioning can be achieved using a mechanical 'air conditioner' or through other methods, including passive cooling and ventilative cooling.^[2]^[3] Air conditioning is a member of a family of systems and techniques that provide heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC).^[4] Heat pumps are similar in many ways to air conditioners but use a reversing valve, allowing them to both heat and cool an enclosed space.^[5]

Air conditioners, which typically use vapor-compression refrigeration, range in size from small units used in vehicles or single rooms to massive units that can cool large buildings.^[6] Air source heat pumps, which can be used for heating as well as cooling, are becoming increasingly common in cooler climates.

Air conditioners can reduce mortality rates due to higher temperature.^[7] According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used globally in 2016.^[8] The United Nations called for the technology to be made more sustainable to mitigate climate change and for the use of alternatives, like passive cooling, evaporative cooling, selective shading, windcatchers, and better thermal insulation.

History

[edit]

Air conditioning dates back to prehistory.^[9] Double-walled living quarters, with a gap between the two walls to encourage air flow, were found in the ancient city of Hamoukar, in modern Syria.^[10] Ancient Egyptian buildings also used a wide variety of passive air-conditioning techniques.^[11] These became widespread from the Iberian Peninsula through North Africa, the Middle East, and Northern India.^[12]

Passive techniques remained widespread until the 20th century when they fell out of fashion and were replaced by powered air conditioning. Using information from engineering studies of traditional buildings, passive techniques are being revived and modified for 21st-century architectural designs.^[13]^[12]

An array of air conditioner condenser units outside a commercial office building

Air conditioners allow the building's indoor environment to remain relatively constant, largely independent of changes in external weather conditions and internal heat loads. They also enable deep plan buildings to be created and have allowed people to live comfortably in hotter parts of the world.^[14]

Development

[edit]

Preceding discoveries

[edit]

In 1558, Giambattista della Porta described a method of chilling ice to temperatures far below its freezing point by mixing it with potassium nitrate (then called "nitre") in his popular science book Natural Magic.^[15]^[16]^[17] In 1620, Cornelis Drebbel demonstrated "Turning Summer into Winter" for James I of England, chilling part of the Great Hall of Westminster Abbey with an apparatus of troughs and vats.^[18] Drebbel's contemporary Francis Bacon, like della Porta a believer in science communication, may not have been present at the demonstration, but in a book published later the same year, he described it as "experiment of artificial freezing" and said that "Nitre (or rather its spirit) is very cold, and hence nitre or salt when added to snow or ice intensifies the cold of the latter, the nitre by adding to its cold, but the salt by supplying activity to the cold of the snow."^[15]

In 1758, Benjamin Franklin and John Hadley, a chemistry professor at the University of Cambridge, conducted experiments applying the principle of evaporation as a means to cool an object rapidly. Franklin and Hadley confirmed that the evaporation of highly volatile liquids (such as alcohol and ether) could be used to drive down the temperature of an object past the freezing point of water. They experimented with the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer as their object. They used a bellows to speed up the evaporation. They lowered the temperature of the thermometer bulb down to −14 °C (7 °F) while the ambient temperature was 18 °C (64 °F). Franklin noted that soon after they passed the freezing point of water 0 °C (32 °F), a thin film of ice formed on the surface of the thermometer's bulb and that the ice mass was about 6 mm (1⁄4 in) thick when they stopped the experiment upon reaching −14 °C (7 °F). Franklin concluded: "From this experiment, one may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer's day."^[19]

The 19th century included many developments in compression technology. In 1820, English scientist and inventor Michael Faraday discovered that compressing and liquefying ammonia could chill air when the liquefied ammonia was allowed to evaporate.^[20] In 1842, Florida physician John Gorrie used compressor technology to create ice, which he used to cool air for his patients in his hospital in Apalachicola, Florida. He hoped to eventually use his ice-making machine to regulate the temperature of buildings.^[20]^[21] He envisioned centralized air conditioning that could cool entire cities. Gorrie was granted a patent in 1851,^[22] but following the death of his main backer, he was not able to realize his invention.^[23] In 1851, James Harrison created the first mechanical ice-making machine in Geelong, Australia, and was granted a patent for an ether vapor-compression refrigeration system in 1855 that produced three tons of ice per day.^[24] In 1860, Harrison established a second ice company. He later entered the debate over competing against the American advantage of ice-refrigerated beef sales to the United Kingdom.^[24]

First devices

[edit]

Electricity made the development of effective units possible. In 1901, American inventor Willis H. Carrier built what is considered the first modern electrical air conditioning unit.^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28] In 1902, he installed his first air-conditioning system, in the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing & Publishing Company in Brooklyn, New York.^[29] His invention controlled both the temperature and humidity, which helped maintain consistent paper dimensions and ink alignment at the printing plant. Later, together with six other employees, Carrier formed The Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America, a business that in 2020 employed 53,000 people and was valued at $18.6 billion.^[30]^[31]

In 1906, Stuart W. Cramer of Charlotte, North Carolina, was exploring ways to add moisture to the air in his textile mill. Cramer coined the term "air conditioning" in a patent claim which he filed that year, where he suggested that air conditioning was analogous to "water conditioning", then a well-known process for making textiles easier to process.^[32] He combined moisture with ventilation to "condition" and change the air in the factories; thus, controlling the humidity that is necessary in textile plants. Willis Carrier adopted the term and incorporated it into the name of his company.^[33]

Domestic air conditioning soon took off. In 1914, the first domestic air conditioning was installed in Minneapolis in the home of Charles Gilbert Gates. It is, however, possible that the considerable device (c. 2.1 m × 1.8 m × 6.1 m; 7 ft × 6 ft × 20 ft) was never used, as the house remained uninhabited^[20] (Gates had already died in October 1913.)

In 1931, H.H. Schultz and J.Q. Sherman developed what would become the most common type of individual room air conditioner: one designed to sit on a window ledge. The units went on sale in 1932 at US$10,000 to $50,000 (the equivalent of $200,000 to $1,200,000 in 2024.)^[20] A year later, the first air conditioning systems for cars were offered for sale.^[34] Chrysler Motors introduced the first practical semi-portable air conditioning unit in 1935,^[35] and Packard became the first automobile manufacturer to offer an air conditioning unit in its cars in 1939.^[36]

Further development

[edit]

Innovations in the latter half of the 20th century allowed more ubiquitous air conditioner use. In 1945, Robert Sherman of Lynn, Massachusetts, invented a portable, in-window air conditioner that cooled, heated, humidified, dehumidified, and filtered the air.^[37] The first inverter air conditioners were released in 1980–1981.^[38]^[39]

In 1954, Ned Cole, a 1939 architecture graduate from the University of Texas at Austin, developed the first experimental "suburb" with inbuilt air conditioning in each house. 22 homes were developed on a flat, treeless track in northwest Austin, Texas, and the community was christened the 'Austin Air-Conditioned Village.' The residents were subjected to a year-long study of the effects of air conditioning led by the nation’s premier air conditioning companies, builders, and social scientists. In addition, researchers from UT’s Health Service and Psychology Department studied the effects on the "artificially cooled humans." One of the more amusing discoveries was that each family reported being troubled with scorpions, the leading theory being that scorpions sought cool, shady places. Other reported changes in lifestyle were that mothers baked more, families ate heavier foods, and they were more apt to choose hot drinks.^[40]^[41]

Air conditioner adoption tends to increase above around $10,000 annual household income in warmer areas.^[42] Global GDP growth explains around 85% of increased air condition adoption by 2050, while the remaining 15% can be explained by climate change.^[42]

As of 2016 an estimated 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used worldwide, with over half of them in China and USA, and a total cooling capacity of 11,675 gigawatts.^[8]^[43] The International Energy Agency predicted in 2018 that the number of air conditioning units would grow to around 4 billion units by 2050 and that the total cooling capacity would grow to around 23,000 GW, with the biggest increases in India and China.^[8] Between 1995 and 2004, the proportion of urban households in China with air conditioners increased from 8% to 70%.^[44] As of 2015, nearly 100 million homes, or about 87% of US households, had air conditioning systems.^[45] In 2019, it was estimated that 90% of new single-family homes constructed in the US included air conditioning (ranging from 99% in the South to 62% in the West).^[46]^[47]

Operation

[edit]

Operating principles

[edit]

Main article: Vapor-compression refrigeration

A simple stylized diagram of the refrigeration cycle: 1) condensing coil, 2) expansion valve, 3) evaporator coil, 4) compressor

Cooling in traditional air conditioner systems is accomplished using the vapor-compression cycle, which uses a refrigerant's forced circulation and phase change between gas and liquid to transfer heat.^[48]^[49] The vapor-compression cycle can occur within a unitary, or packaged piece of equipment; or within a chiller that is connected to terminal cooling equipment (such as a fan coil unit in an air handler) on its evaporator side and heat rejection equipment such as a cooling tower on its condenser side. An air source heat pump shares many components with an air conditioning system, but includes a reversing valve, which allows the unit to be used to heat as well as cool a space.^[50]

Air conditioning equipment will reduce the absolute humidity of the air processed by the system if the surface of the evaporator coil is significantly cooler than the dew point of the surrounding air. An air conditioner designed for an occupied space will typically achieve a 30% to 60% relative humidity in the occupied space.^[51]

Most modern air-conditioning systems feature a dehumidification cycle during which the compressor runs. At the same time, the fan is slowed to reduce the evaporator temperature and condense more water. A dehumidifier uses the same refrigeration cycle but incorporates both the evaporator and the condenser into the same air path; the air first passes over the evaporator coil, where it is cooled^[52] and dehumidified before passing over the condenser coil, where it is warmed again before it is released back into the room.^{[citation needed]}

Free cooling can sometimes be selected when the external air is cooler than the internal air. Therefore, the compressor does not need to be used, resulting in high cooling efficiencies for these times. This may also be combined with seasonal thermal energy storage.^[53]

Heating

[edit]

Main article: Heat pump

Some air conditioning systems can reverse the refrigeration cycle and act as an air source heat pump, thus heating instead of cooling the indoor environment. They are also commonly referred to as "reverse cycle air conditioners". The heat pump is significantly more energy-efficient than electric resistance heating, because it moves energy from air or groundwater to the heated space and the heat from purchased electrical energy. When the heat pump is in heating mode, the indoor evaporator coil switches roles and becomes the condenser coil, producing heat. The outdoor condenser unit also switches roles to serve as the evaporator and discharges cold air (colder than the ambient outdoor air).

Most air source heat pumps become less efficient in outdoor temperatures lower than 4 °C or 40 °F.^[54] This is partly because ice forms on the outdoor unit's heat exchanger coil, which blocks air flow over the coil. To compensate for this, the heat pump system must temporarily switch back into the regular air conditioning mode to switch the outdoor evaporator coil back to the condenser coil, to heat up and defrost. Therefore, some heat pump systems will have electric resistance heating in the indoor air path that is activated only in this mode to compensate for the temporary indoor air cooling, which would otherwise be uncomfortable in the winter.

Newer models have improved cold-weather performance, with efficient heating capacity down to −14 °F (−26 °C).^[55]^[54]^[56] However, there is always a chance that the humidity that condenses on the heat exchanger of the outdoor unit could freeze, even in models that have improved cold-weather performance, requiring a defrosting cycle to be performed.

The icing problem becomes much more severe with lower outdoor temperatures, so heat pumps are sometimes installed in tandem with a more conventional form of heating, such as an electrical heater, a natural gas, heating oil, or wood-burning fireplace or central heating, which is used instead of or in addition to the heat pump during harsher winter temperatures. In this case, the heat pump is used efficiently during milder temperatures, and the system is switched to the conventional heat source when the outdoor temperature is lower.

Performance

[edit]

Main articles: coefficient of performance, Seasonal energy efficiency ratio, and European seasonal energy efficiency ratio

The coefficient of performance (COP) of an air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to the work required.^[57]^[58] Higher COPs equate to lower operating costs. The COP usually exceeds 1; however, the exact value is highly dependent on operating conditions, especially absolute temperature and relative temperature between sink and system, and is often graphed or averaged against expected conditions.^[59] Air conditioner equipment power in the U.S. is often described in terms of "tons of refrigeration", with each approximately equal to the cooling power of one short ton (2,000 pounds (910 kg) of ice melting in a 24-hour period. The value is equal to 12,000 BTU_IT per hour, or 3,517 watts.^[60] Residential central air systems are usually from 1 to 5 tons (3.5 to 18 kW) in capacity.^{[citation needed]}

The efficiency of air conditioners is often rated by the seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), which is defined by the Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute in its 2008 standard AHRI 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment.^[61] A similar standard is the European seasonal energy efficiency ratio (ESEER).^{[citation needed]}

Efficiency is strongly affected by the humidity of the air to be cooled. Dehumidifying the air before attempting to cool it can reduce subsequent cooling costs by as much as 90 percent. Thus, reducing dehumidifying costs can materially affect overall air conditioning costs.^[62]

Control system

[edit]

Wireless remote control

[edit]

Main articles: Remote control and Infrared blaster

A wireless remote controller

The infrared transmitting LED on the remote

The infrared receiver on the air conditioner

This type of controller uses an infrared LED to relay commands from a remote control to the air conditioner. The output of the infrared LED (like that of any infrared remote) is invisible to the human eye because its wavelength is beyond the range of visible light (940 nm). This system is commonly used on mini-split air conditioners because it is simple and portable. Some window and ducted central air conditioners uses it as well.

Wired controller

[edit]

Main article: Thermostat

Several wired controllers (Indonesia, 2024)

A wired controller, also called a "wired thermostat," is a device that controls an air conditioner by switching heating or cooling on or off. It uses different sensors to measure temperatures and actuate control operations. Mechanical thermostats commonly use bimetallic strips, converting a temperature change into mechanical displacement, to actuate control of the air conditioner. Electronic thermostats, instead, use a thermistor or other semiconductor sensor, processing temperature change as electronic signals to control the air conditioner.

These controllers are usually used in hotel rooms because they are permanently installed into a wall and hard-wired directly into the air conditioner unit, eliminating the need for batteries.

Types

[edit]

Types	Typical Capacity*	Air supply	Mounting	Typical application
Mini-split	small – large	Direct	Wall	Residential
Window	very small – small	Direct	Window	Residential
Portable	very small – small	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Residential, remote areas
Ducted (individual)	small – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ducted (central)	medium – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ceiling suspended	medium – large	Direct	Ceiling	Commercial
Cassette	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Ceiling	Commercial
Floor standing	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged	very large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged RTU (Rooftop Unit)	very large	Ducted	Rooftop	Commercial

* where the typical capacity is in kilowatt as follows:

very small: <1.5 kW
small: 1.5–3.5 kW
medium: 4.2–7.1 kW
large: 7.2–14 kW
very large: >14 kW

Mini-split and multi-split systems

[edit]

Ductless systems (often mini-split, though there are now ducted mini-split) typically supply conditioned and heated air to a single or a few rooms of a building, without ducts and in a decentralized manner.^[63] Multi-zone or multi-split systems are a common application of ductless systems and allow up to eight rooms (zones or locations) to be conditioned independently from each other, each with its indoor unit and simultaneously from a single outdoor unit.

The first mini-split system was sold in 1961 by Toshiba in Japan, and the first wall-mounted mini-split air conditioner was sold in 1968 in Japan by Mitsubishi Electric, where small home sizes motivated their development. The Mitsubishi model was the first air conditioner with a cross-flow fan.^[64]^[65]^[66] In 1969, the first mini-split air conditioner was sold in the US.^[67] Multi-zone ductless systems were invented by Daikin in 1973, and variable refrigerant flow systems (which can be thought of as larger multi-split systems) were also invented by Daikin in 1982. Both were first sold in Japan.^[68] Variable refrigerant flow systems when compared with central plant cooling from an air handler, eliminate the need for large cool air ducts, air handlers, and chillers; instead cool refrigerant is transported through much smaller pipes to the indoor units in the spaces to be conditioned, thus allowing for less space above dropped ceilings and a lower structural impact, while also allowing for more individual and independent temperature control of spaces. The outdoor and indoor units can be spread across the building.^[69] Variable refrigerant flow indoor units can also be turned off individually in unused spaces.^{[citation needed]} The lower start-up power of VRF's DC inverter compressors and their inherent DC power requirements also allow VRF solar-powered heat pumps to be run using DC-providing solar panels.

Ducted central systems

[edit]

Split-system central air conditioners consist of two heat exchangers, an outside unit (the condenser) from which heat is rejected to the environment and an internal heat exchanger (the evaporator, or Fan Coil Unit, FCU) with the piped refrigerant being circulated between the two. The FCU is then connected to the spaces to be cooled by ventilation ducts.^[70] Floor standing air conditioners are similar to this type of air conditioner but sit within spaces that need cooling.

Central plant cooling

[edit]

Portable units

[edit]

A portable system has an indoor unit on wheels connected to an outdoor unit via flexible pipes, similar to a permanently fixed installed unit (such as a ductless split air conditioner).

Hose systems, which can be monoblock or air-to-air, are vented to the outside via air ducts. The monoblock type collects the water in a bucket or tray and stops when full. The air-to-air type re-evaporates the water, discharges it through the ducted hose, and can run continuously. Many but not all portable units draw indoor air and expel it outdoors through a single duct, negatively impacting their overall cooling efficiency.

Many portable air conditioners come with heat as well as a dehumidification function.^[73]

Window unit and packaged terminal

[edit]

Main article: Packaged terminal air conditioner

The packaged terminal air conditioner (PTAC), through-the-wall, and window air conditioners are similar. These units are installed on a window frame or on a wall opening. The unit usually has an internal partition separating its indoor and outdoor sides, which contain the unit's condenser and evaporator, respectively. PTAC systems may be adapted to provide heating in cold weather, either directly by using an electric strip, gas, or other heaters, or by reversing the refrigerant flow to heat the interior and draw heat from the exterior air, converting the air conditioner into a heat pump. They may be installed in a wall opening with the help of a special sleeve on the wall and a custom grill that is flush with the wall and window air conditioners can also be installed in a window, but without a custom grill.^[74]

Packaged air conditioner

[edit]

Packaged air conditioners (also known as self-contained units)^[75]^[76] are central systems that integrate into a single housing all the components of a split central system, and deliver air, possibly through ducts, to the spaces to be cooled. Depending on their construction they may be outdoors or indoors, on roofs (rooftop units),^[77]^[78] draw the air to be conditioned from inside or outside a building and be water or air-cooled. Often, outdoor units are air-cooled while indoor units are liquid-cooled using a cooling tower.^[70]^[79]^[80]^[81]^[82]^[83]

Types of compressors

[edit]

Compressor types	Common applications	Typical capacity	Efficiency	Durability	Repairability
Reciprocating	Refrigerator, Walk-in freezer, portable air conditioners	small – large	very low (small capacity) medium (large capacity)	very low	medium
Rotary vane	Residential mini splits	small	low	low	easy
Scroll	Commercial and central systems, VRF	medium	medium	medium	easy
Rotary screw	Commercial chiller	medium – large	medium	medium	hard
Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	medium	high	hard
Maglev Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	high	very high	very hard

Reciprocating

[edit]

Main article: Reciprocating compressor

This compressor consists of a crankcase, crankshaft, piston rod, piston, piston ring, cylinder head and valves. ^{[citation needed]}

Scroll

[edit]

Main article: Scroll compressor

This compressor uses two interleaving scrolls to compress the refrigerant.^[84] it consists of one fixed and one orbiting scrolls. This type of compressor is more efficient because it has 70 percent less moving parts than a reciprocating compressor. ^{[citation needed]}

Screw

[edit]

Main article: Rotary-screw compressor

This compressor use two very closely meshing spiral rotors to compress the gas. The gas enters at the suction side and moves through the threads as the screws rotate. The meshing rotors force the gas through the compressor, and the gas exits at the end of the screws. The working area is the inter-lobe volume between the male and female rotors. It is larger at the intake end, and decreases along the length of the rotors until the exhaust port. This change in volume is the compression. ^{[citation needed]}

Capacity modulation technologies

[edit]

There are several ways to modulate the cooling capacity in refrigeration or air conditioning and heating systems. The most common in air conditioning are: on-off cycling, hot gas bypass, use or not of liquid injection, manifold configurations of multiple compressors, mechanical modulation (also called digital), and inverter technology. ^{[citation needed]}

Hot gas bypass

[edit]

Hot gas bypass involves injecting a quantity of gas from discharge to the suction side. The compressor will keep operating at the same speed, but due to the bypass, the refrigerant mass flow circulating with the system is reduced, and thus the cooling capacity. This naturally causes the compressor to run uselessly during the periods when the bypass is operating. The turn down capacity varies between 0 and 100%.^[85]

Manifold configurations

[edit]

Several compressors can be installed in the system to provide the peak cooling capacity. Each compressor can run or not in order to stage the cooling capacity of the unit. The turn down capacity is either 0/33/66 or 100% for a trio configuration and either 0/50 or 100% for a tandem.^{[citation needed]}

Mechanically modulated compressor

[edit]

This internal mechanical capacity modulation is based on periodic compression process with a control valve, the two scroll set move apart stopping the compression for a given time period. This method varies refrigerant flow by changing the average time of compression, but not the actual speed of the motor. Despite an excellent turndown ratio – from 10 to 100% of the cooling capacity, mechanically modulated scrolls have high energy consumption as the motor continuously runs.^{[citation needed]}

Variable-speed compressor

[edit]

Main article: Inverter compressor

This system uses a variable-frequency drive (also called an Inverter) to control the speed of the compressor. The refrigerant flow rate is changed by the change in the speed of the compressor. The turn down ratio depends on the system configuration and manufacturer. It modulates from 15 or 25% up to 100% at full capacity with a single inverter from 12 to 100% with a hybrid tandem. This method is the most efficient way to modulate an air conditioner's capacity. It is up to 58% more efficient than a fixed speed system.^{[citation needed]}

Impact

[edit]

Health effects

[edit]

In hot weather, air conditioning can prevent heat stroke, dehydration due to excessive sweating, electrolyte imbalance, kidney failure, and other issues due to hyperthermia.^[8]^[86] Heat waves are the most lethal type of weather phenomenon in the United States.^[87]^[88] A 2020 study found that areas with lower use of air conditioning correlated with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] The August 2003 France heatwave resulted in approximately 15,000 deaths, where 80% of the victims were over 75 years old. In response, the French government required all retirement homes to have at least one air-conditioned room at 25 °C (77 °F) per floor during heatwaves.^[8]

Air conditioning (including filtration, humidification, cooling and disinfection) can be used to provide a clean, safe, hypoallergenic atmosphere in hospital operating rooms and other environments where proper atmosphere is critical to patient safety and well-being. It is sometimes recommended for home use by people with allergies, especially mold.^[90]^[91] However, poorly maintained water cooling towers can promote the growth and spread of microorganisms such as Legionella pneumophila, the infectious agent responsible for Legionnaires' disease. As long as the cooling tower is kept clean (usually by means of a chlorine treatment), these health hazards can be avoided or reduced. The state of New York has codified requirements for registration, maintenance, and testing of cooling towers to protect against Legionella.^[92]

Economic effects

[edit]

First designed to benefit targeted industries such as the press as well as large factories, the invention quickly spread to public agencies and administrations with studies with claims of increased productivity close to 24% in places equipped with air conditioning.^[93]

Air conditioning caused various shifts in demography, notably that of the United States starting from the 1970s. In the US, the birth rate was lower in the spring than during other seasons until the 1970s but this difference then declined since then.^[94] As of 2007, the Sun Belt contained 30% of the total US population while it was inhabited by 24% of Americans at the beginning of the 20th century.^[95] Moreover, the summer mortality rate in the US, which had been higher in regions subject to a heat wave during the summer, also evened out.^[7]

The spread of the use of air conditioning acts as a main driver for the growth of global demand of electricity.^[96] According to a 2018 report from the International Energy Agency (IEA), it was revealed that the energy consumption for cooling in the United States, involving 328 million Americans, surpasses the combined energy consumption of 4.4 billion people in Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, and Asia (excluding China).^[8] A 2020 survey found that an estimated 88% of all US households use AC, increasing to 93% when solely looking at homes built between 2010 and 2020.^[97]

Environmental effects

[edit]

Space cooling including air conditioning accounted globally for 2021 terawatt-hours of energy usage in 2016 with around 99% in the form of electricity, according to a 2018 report on air-conditioning efficiency by the International Energy Agency.^[8] The report predicts an increase of electricity usage due to space cooling to around 6200 TWh by 2050,^[8]^[98] and that with the progress currently seen, greenhouse gas emissions attributable to space cooling will double: 1,135 million tons (2016) to 2,070 million tons.^[8] There is some push to increase the energy efficiency of air conditioners. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the IEA found that if air conditioners could be twice as effective as now, 460 billion tons of GHG could be cut over 40 years.^[99] The UNEP and IEA also recommended legislation to decrease the use of hydrofluorocarbons, better building insulation, and more sustainable temperature-controlled food supply chains going forward.^[99]

Refrigerants have also caused and continue to cause serious environmental issues, including ozone depletion and climate change, as several countries have not yet ratified the Kigali Amendment to reduce the consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons.^[100] CFCs and HCFCs refrigerants such as R-12 and R-22, respectively, used within air conditioners have caused damage to the ozone layer,^[101] and hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants such as R-410A and R-404A, which were designed to replace CFCs and HCFCs, are instead exacerbating climate change.^[102] Both issues happen due to the venting of refrigerant to the atmosphere, such as during repairs. HFO refrigerants, used in some if not most new equipment, solve both issues with an ozone damage potential (ODP) of zero and a much lower global warming potential (GWP) in the single or double digits vs. the three or four digits of hydrofluorocarbons.^[103]

Hydrofluorocarbons would have raised global temperatures by around 0.3–0.5 °C (0.5–0.9 °F) by 2100 without the Kigali Amendment. With the Kigali Amendment, the increase of global temperatures by 2100 due to hydrofluorocarbons is predicted to be around 0.06 °C (0.1 °F).^[104]

Alternatives to continual air conditioning include passive cooling, passive solar cooling, natural ventilation, operating shades to reduce solar gain, using trees, architectural shades, windows (and using window coatings) to reduce solar gain.^{[citation needed]}

Social effects

[edit]

Socioeconomic groups with a household income below around $10,000 tend to have a low air conditioning adoption,^[42] which worsens heat-related mortality.^[7] The lack of cooling can be hazardous, as areas with lower use of air conditioning correlate with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] Premature mortality in NYC is projected to grow between 47% and 95% in 30 years, with lower-income and vulnerable populations most at risk.^[89] Studies on the correlation between heat-related mortality and hospitalizations and living in low socioeconomic locations can be traced in Phoenix, Arizona,^[105] Hong Kong,^[106] China,^[106] Japan,^[107] and Italy.^[108]^[109] Additionally, costs concerning health care can act as another barrier, as the lack of private health insurance during a 2009 heat wave in Australia, was associated with heat-related hospitalization.^[109]

Disparities in socioeconomic status and access to air conditioning are connected by some to institutionalized racism, which leads to the association of specific marginalized communities with lower economic status, poorer health, residing in hotter neighborhoods, engaging in physically demanding labor, and experiencing limited access to cooling technologies such as air conditioning.^[109] A study overlooking Chicago, Illinois, Detroit, and Michigan found that black households were half as likely to have central air conditioning units when compared to their white counterparts.^[110] Especially in cities, Redlining creates heat islands, increasing temperatures in certain parts of the city.^[109] This is due to materials heat-absorbing building materials and pavements and lack of vegetation and shade coverage.^[111] There have been initiatives that provide cooling solutions to low-income communities, such as public cooling spaces.^[8]^[111]

Other techniques

[edit]

Buildings designed with passive air conditioning are generally less expensive to construct and maintain than buildings with conventional HVAC systems with lower energy demands.^[112] While tens of air changes per hour, and cooling of tens of degrees, can be achieved with passive methods, site-specific microclimate must be taken into account, complicating building design.^[12]

Many techniques can be used to increase comfort and reduce the temperature in buildings. These include evaporative cooling, selective shading, wind, thermal convection, and heat storage.^[113]

Passive ventilation

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive ventilation.[edit]

The ventilation system of a regular earthship

Passive ventilation is the process of supplying air to and removing air from an indoor space without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor space as a result of pressure differences arising from natural forces.

There are two types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: wind driven ventilation and buoyancy-driven ventilation. Wind driven ventilation arises from the different pressures created by wind around a building or structure, and openings being formed on the perimeter which then permit flow through the building. Buoyancy-driven ventilation occurs as a result of the directional buoyancy force that results from temperature differences between the interior and exterior.^[114]

Since the internal heat gains which create temperature differences between the interior and exterior are created by natural processes, including the heat from people, and wind effects are variable, naturally ventilated buildings are sometimes called "breathing buildings".

Passive cooling

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive cooling.[edit]

A traditional Iranian solar cooling design using a wind tower

Passive cooling is a building design approach that focuses on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building in order to improve the indoor thermal comfort with low or no energy consumption.^[115]^[116] This approach works either by preventing heat from entering the interior (heat gain prevention) or by removing heat from the building (natural cooling).^[117]

Natural cooling utilizes on-site energy, available from the natural environment, combined with the architectural design of building components (e.g. building envelope), rather than mechanical systems to dissipate heat.^[118] Therefore, natural cooling depends not only on the architectural design of the building but on how the site's natural resources are used as heat sinks (i.e. everything that absorbs or dissipates heat). Examples of on-site heat sinks are the upper atmosphere (night sky), the outdoor air (wind), and the earth/soil.

Passive cooling is an important tool for design of buildings for climate change adaptation – reducing dependency on energy-intensive air conditioning in warming environments.^[119]^[120]

A pair of short windcatchers (*malqaf*) used in traditional architecture; wind is forced down on the windward side and leaves on the leeward side (*cross-ventilation*). In the absence of wind, the circulation can be driven with evaporative cooling in the inlet (which is also designed to catch dust). In the center, a *shuksheika* (roof lantern vent), used to shade the qa'a below while allowing hot air rise out of it (*stack effect*).^[11]

Daytime radiative cooling

[edit]

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) surfaces reflect incoming solar radiation and heat back into outer space through the infrared window for cooling during the daytime. Daytime radiative cooling became possible with the ability to suppress solar heating using photonic structures, which emerged through a study by Raman et al. (2014).^[122] PDRCs can come in a variety of forms, including paint coatings and films, that are designed to be high in solar reflectance and thermal emittance.^[121]^[123]

PDRC applications on building roofs and envelopes have demonstrated significant decreases in energy consumption and costs.^[123] In suburban single-family residential areas, PDRC application on roofs can potentially lower energy costs by 26% to 46%.^[124] PDRCs are predicted to show a market size of ~$27 billion for indoor space cooling by 2025 and have undergone a surge in research and development since the 2010s.^[125]^[126]

Fans

[edit]

Main article: Ceiling fan

Hand fans have existed since prehistory. Large human-powered fans built into buildings include the punkah.

The 2nd-century Chinese inventor Ding Huan of the Han dynasty invented a rotary fan for air conditioning, with seven wheels 3 m (10 ft) in diameter and manually powered by prisoners.^[127]^{: 99, 151, 233} In 747, Emperor Xuanzong (r. 712–762) of the Tang dynasty (618–907) had the Cool Hall (Liang Dian 涼殿) built in the imperial palace, which the Tang Yulin describes as having water-powered fan wheels for air conditioning as well as rising jet streams of water from fountains. During the subsequent Song dynasty (960–1279), written sources mentioned the air conditioning rotary fan as even more widely used.^[127]^{: 134, 151}

Thermal buffering

[edit]

In areas that are cold at night or in winter, heat storage is used. Heat may be stored in earth or masonry; air is drawn past the masonry to heat or cool it.^[13]

In areas that are below freezing at night in winter, snow and ice can be collected and stored in ice houses for later use in cooling.^[13] This technique is over 3,700 years old in the Middle East.^[128] Harvesting outdoor ice during winter and transporting and storing for use in summer was practiced by wealthy Europeans in the early 1600s,^[15] and became popular in Europe and the Americas towards the end of the 1600s.^[129] This practice was replaced by mechanical compression-cycle icemakers.

Evaporative cooling

[edit]

Main article: Evaporative cooler

In dry, hot climates, the evaporative cooling effect may be used by placing water at the air intake, such that the draft draws air over water and then into the house. For this reason, it is sometimes said that the fountain, in the architecture of hot, arid climates, is like the fireplace in the architecture of cold climates.^[11] Evaporative cooling also makes the air more humid, which can be beneficial in a dry desert climate.^[130]

Evaporative coolers tend to feel as if they are not working during times of high humidity, when there is not much dry air with which the coolers can work to make the air as cool as possible for dwelling occupants. Unlike other types of air conditioners, evaporative coolers rely on the outside air to be channeled through cooler pads that cool the air before it reaches the inside of a house through its air duct system; this cooled outside air must be allowed to push the warmer air within the house out through an exhaust opening such as an open door or window.^[131]

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