Hvac Service Near Me: Expert Air Conditioning Service Guarantees Your Home Remains Cool And Comfy During Hot Days

Kinds Of AC Repair Services

Ever had your a/c sputter to a halt just as the summer season sun peaks? It's an aggravating situation-- one that makes you recognize the number of parts must work in consistency for cool air to flow. From frozen coils to refrigerant leaks, the challenges vary, but the services don't need to be a secret.

Common Air Conditioning Repair Categories

• Refrigerant Recharge and Leakage Repair Work: Without the right amount of refrigerant, your system has a hard time to cool your area. Recognizing leakages is essential to bring back effectiveness.
• Compressor and Fan Motor Fixes: These elements are the heart and lungs of your AC. When they fail, air flow and cooling capability plummet.
• Thermostat Calibration and Replacement: Sometimes the perpetrator is your thermostat sending mixed signals-- adjusting or swapping it out brings comfort back on track.
• Electrical Part Repair: Faulty wiring or capacitors disrupt performance, typically triggering unforeseen shutdowns or erratic habits.
• Drain Pipes Line Cleansing and Repair: Clogged condensate lines can cause water damage and system shutdowns if ignored.

How Bold City Heating and Air Deals With These Obstacles

Picture strolling into your home after a sweltering day, welcomed by an oasis of cool air. Bold City Heating and Air transforms that dream into truth by mastering every aspect of AC repair work. They do not just patch leakages or swap parts-- they detect the source with surgical precision.

Frozen coils? They thaw the issue and prevent future freeze-ups. Electrical glitches? They trace every wire to guarantee stability and safety. Thermostat difficulties? They fine-tune settings for best climate control. No problem is too twisted, no malfunction too odd.

What sets Bold City apart is their commitment to thoroughness. Each repair work unfolds like a thoroughly choreographed dance, guaranteeing your system runs smoothly, efficiently, and silently. It's not practically repairing what's broken; it's about bring back comfort and cool comfort, all while extending the life of your system.

Unwinding the Mysteries of A/c Breakdowns

Think of entering your home after a scorching day, only to be greeted by a wave of warm, stagnant air. That sinking sensation? It generally implies your air conditioning system is struggling. Among the myriad of missteps, refrigerant leakages often play the villain. Not only do they sap the cooling power, however they silently wear down effectiveness, leaving your energy costs to balloon. Have you ever questioned why your AC cycles on and off so often? This phenomenon, called short biking, could be the system's desperate cry for help due to filthy filters or faulty thermostat calibration.

Professional Insights: Deciphering the Indications

Bold City Heating and Air recognizes how irritating it can be when your unit declines to blow cold air or, worse, floods your home with unforeseen moisture. Their technicians approach each issue with an investigator's accuracy. Clogged condensate drains often masquerade as small inconveniences however can lead to water damage if neglected.

Idea Only Pros Share

• Regularly check and clean your evaporator coil; dust buildup can minimize cooling performance by up to 30%.
• Ensure your thermostat is placed far from direct sunshine or heat-emitting appliances to prevent incorrect readings.
• Listen for uncommon noises like rattling or hissing-- these typically precede compressor or refrigerant problems.
• Look for ice formation on coils; it signifies airflow restriction and demands instant attention.

Typical Problems and Their Treatments

Essential Instruments for Diagnosing A/c Difficulties

Ever attempted repairing an air conditioning system with just a screwdriver and a prayer? The reality is even more technical. The heart of effective air conditioner repair lies in the precision of the tools wielded. A manifold gauge set, for example, isn't simply an elegant device; it's the mechanic's stethoscope, exposing the surprise pressures within the system's veins. Without it, guessing the refrigerant levels is like checking out tea leaves.

Bold City Heating and Air understands how essential these subtle readings are. They approach each system with a toolkit that's not just extensive however meticulously adjusted, ensuring every twist, turn, and valve change hits the mark. Their understanding of the subtleties in pressure changes and temperature gradients changes a task from guesswork to science.

Tools That Transform Repair Work into Art

• Digital Multimeter: Measures voltage, existing, and resistance. Spots electrical faults that can calmly undermine your air conditioner system.
• Thermometer: Vital for pinpointing temperature differentials throughout coils, suggesting airflow or refrigerant issues.
• Leak Detectors: Using UV color or electronic sensing units, these unveil the invisible leaks that drain pipes effectiveness.
• Vacuum Pumps: Evacuate moisture and air, essential in preparing the system for a perfect recharge.

In my experience, even the smallest overlooked detail-- like a somewhat worn out gasket-- can waterfall into a system-wide inefficiency - Bold City Heating and Air. Bold City's professionals do not just fix; they anticipate the subtle whispers of wear and tear before they shout out as breakdowns

Insider Tips from the Field

1. Constantly double-check manifold gauge readings at different times of the day; ambient temperature shifts can impact accuracy.
2. Use a microamp clamp meter to detect faint electrical draws that recommend stopping working capacitors or motors.
3. When evacuating a system, watch for the "hunting" result in the vacuum gauge, a professional idea indicating caught moisture.

Tools are just as excellent as the hands that wield them. Bold City Heating and Air's proficiency of their instruments elevates cooling repair from a mere service to a finely tuned craft.

Essential Safety Measures for Air Conditioner Repair

Electrical hazards prowl in every corner of air conditioning unit repair work, specifically when handling capacitors holding recurring charge. Have you ever questioned why a sudden jolt can surprise even seasoned specialists? It's since a charged capacitor can store dangerous energy long after the system is powered down. That's why Bold City Heating and Air demands rigorous discharge procedures before touching any elements.

Working around refrigerants requires not just precision however also caution. Leakages can calmly poison the air or trigger frostbite on contact. When dealing with these undetectable dangers, protective gear isn't optional-- it's a lifeline. They understand that fumbling without correct gloves and goggles is comparable to dancing with danger.

For those venturing into do it yourself repairs, follow these expert ideas:

• Always cut power at the breaker panel before opening the unit.
• Use a multimeter to confirm zero voltage before proceeding.
• Use insulated gloves and eye security to defend against electric shock and refrigerant direct exposure.
• Deal with refrigerant lines with care-- prevent punctures or sharp bends that can lead to leakages.
• Keep a fire extinguisher ranked for electrical fires close by.

Think of the horror of an abrupt stimulate in a dusty, enclosed space-- fires spark in the blink of an eye. Bold City Heating and Air's professionals employ precise cleaning routines to remove dust build-up that might otherwise sustain accidental combustion.

Safety List Before Beginning Repairs

In the realm of AC repair, rushing through security checks is like skipping steps on a high wire-- one bad move can cascade into calamity. Bold City Heating and Air's commitment to these safety measures changes a dangerous endeavor into a controlled, foreseeable operation. They stay vigilant, understanding that true mastery in air conditioning repair work is as much about securing lives as it is about bring back convenience.

Cooling Solutions in Jacksonville, FL

Jacksonville, FL is a lively city understood for its substantial park system, beautiful beaches, and prospering arts scene. As the largest city by location in the continental United States, it offers locals and visitors a lot of outside activities, consisting of boating along the St - Bold City Heating and Air. Johns River and checking out the Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens. The city's warm environment makes effective a/c important for convenience and health throughout the year

For those in requirement of air conditioning services, Bold City Heating and Air offers expert assistance and complimentary assessments to help ensure your home or organization stays cool and comfy. Connect to them for reputable guidance and solutions on AC repair work customized to your needs.

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2. 32207: The 32207 zip code is a zip code encompassing sections of Jacksonville's Southside, recognized for its blend of residential areas and commercial developments. It includes diverse neighborhoods and easy access to major roadways. Jacksonville FL
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14. 32214: This ZIP code is a zip code covering parts of Jacksonville's Southside, known for its combination of residential areas and commercial developments. It offers a mixture of suburban living with easy access to shopping, dining, and major roadways.
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31. 32220: 32220 is a zip code including the Argyle Forest neighborhood in Jacksonville FL. This is a mainly residential area recognized for its family-friendly atmosphere and convenient access to shopping and dining.
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35. 32224: 32224 is a zip code covering Jacksonville Beach, a shoreline community famous for its grainy shores. Locals and tourists alike enjoy surfing, fishing, and a energetic promenade scene in Jacksonville FL.
36. 32225: 32225 is a zip code covering Jacksonville FL's Southside neighborhood, known because of its mix of residential locations, commercial hubs, and closeness to the St. Johns River. It provides a blend of outskirts living with easy entry to shopping, restaurants, and recreational activities.
37. 32226: 32226 is a zip postal code covering the Southside area of Jacksonville FL. It is a large, varied area recognized for its business hubs, housing developments, and proximity to the St. Johns River.
38. 32230: 32230 is a zip code encompassing the Jacksonville FL communities of Arlington and Fort Caroline. This area offers a mix of housing developments, parks, and historical sites.
39. 32231: 32231 is the zip code for Mandarin, a large suburban neighborhood in Jacksonville FL known for its history and picturesque views beside the St. Johns River. It provides a combination of housing developments, parks, and commercial centers.
40. 32232: 32232 is the zip code of the Kernan area of Jacksonville FL. It's a growing suburban community known because of its housing areas and proximity to the beach.
41. 32234: 32234 is the zip code of the Mandarin neighborhood in Jacksonville FL. It's a big residential area recognized because of its past, parks, and closeness to the St. Johns River.
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47. 32255: 32255 is a postal code covering several areas in Jacksonville FL's south side area. It includes a mix of housing neighborhoods, commercial centers, and closeness to main highways.
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49. 32257: 32257 is a zip code covering the Kernan and Hodges Boulevards area of Jacksonville FL. This region is known for its housing communities, shopping centers, and proximity to the University of North Florida.
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51. 32260: That zip code is a zip code covering Jacksonville FL's Southside neighborhood. It includes a blend of housing, commercial developments, and proximity to the St. Johns River.
52. 32277: 32277 is the zip code for Jacksonville FL, a coastal community recognized for its sandy shores and vibrant boardwalk. It offers a mix of residential areas, hotels, restaurants, and recreational pursuits.

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• Craig Industrial Park: Craig Industrial Park is a business and industrial area in Jacksonville, FL, known for its combination of warehouses, manufacturing facilities, and logistics hubs. It serves as a key hub for area companies and contributes greatly to the city's economy.
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• Cecil Commerce Center: Cecil Commerce Center is a large industrial & commercial district in Jacksonville FL, known for its strategic location and extensive transportation infrastructure. It serves as a hub for logistics, production, and distribution businesses, supporting the local economy.
• Venetia: Venetia is a living neighborhood in Jacksonville FL, known for its peaceful streets and family-friendly atmosphere. It offers easy access to local parks, schools, and shopping centers, making it a popular area for families.
• Ortega Forest: Ortega Forest is a charming housing community in Jacksonville, FL, known for its historic homes and green, tree-lined streets. It offers a peaceful suburban atmosphere while being conveniently close to downtown Jacksonville.
• Timuquana: Timuquana is a housing neighborhood located in Jacksonville FL, known for its tranquil streets and community parks. It offers a variety of single-family homes and close proximity to local amenities and schools.
• San Jose Forest: San Jose Forest is a living neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its lush greenery and welcoming atmosphere. The area features a combination of private residences and local parks, offering a serene suburban environment.
• E-Town: E-Town is a lively neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its diverse community and historic significance. It features a combination of residential areas, local businesses, and cultural landmarks that contribute to its unique character.

• Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens: The Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens exhibits a broad collection of art covering multiple times and cultures. Visitors can also discover stunning formal gardens with views of the St. Johns River in Jacksonville FL.
• Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens: Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens displays a diverse assortment of creatures and plants from around the globe. It offers engaging displays, educational programs, and conservation initiatives for guests of all years. Jacksonville FL
• Museum of Science and History: The Museum of Science & History in Jacksonville FL showcases hands-on exhibits and a planetarium suitable for all ages. Guests can explore science, history, and culture through engaging displays and educational programs.
• Kingsley Plantation: Kingsley Plantation is a historic site that provides a peek into Florida's plantation history, including the lives of enslaved people and the planter family. Visitors can explore the grounds, such as the slave quarters, plantation house, and barn. Jacksonville FL
• Fort Caroline National Memorial: Fort Caroline National Memorial celebrates the 16th-century French effort to found a colony in Florida. It provides displays and paths exploring the history and natural environment of the area in Jacksonville FL.
• Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve: Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve safeguards one of the last unspoiled coastal marshes on the Atlantic Coast. It maintains the history of the Timucuan Indians, European explorers, and plantation owners.
• Friendship Fountain: Friendship Fountain is a huge, iconic water fountain in Jacksonville FL. It displays impressive water features and lights, making it a favorite landmark and meeting spot.
• Riverside Arts Market: Riverside Arts Market in Jacksonville FL, is a vibrant weekly arts and crafts marketplace beneath the Fuller Warren Bridge. It features regional craftspeople, live music, food sellers, and a beautiful scene of the St. Johns River.
• San Marco Square: San Marco Square is a delightful retail and dining area with a European-inspired atmosphere. It is known for its upscale shops, eateries, and the iconic fountain with lions. Jacksonville FL
• St Johns Town Center: St. Johns Town Center is an high-end outdoor retail center in Jacksonville FL, offering a mix of high-end stores, popular brands, and eateries. It is a top destination for shopping, dining, and entertainment in Northeast Florida.
• Avondale Historic District: Avondale Historic District displays appealing early 20th-century architecture and boutique shops. It's a dynamic neighborhood known for its local restaurants and historical character. Jacksonville FL
• Treaty Oak Park: Treaty Oak Park is a lovely green space in Jacksonville FL, home to a massive, centuries-old oak tree. The park provides a peaceful escape with trails and breathtaking views of the St. Johns River.
• Little Talbot Island State Park: Little Talbot Island State Park in Jacksonville FL provides pristine shores and varied habitats. Visitors can partake in recreation like hiking, camping, and wildlife viewing in this unspoiled coastal environment.
• Big Talbot Island State Park: Big Talbot Island State Park in Jacksonville FL, provides amazing coastal scenery and diverse ecosystems for outdoor enthusiasts. Discover the one-of-a-kind boneyard beach, hike picturesque trails, and observe plentiful wildlife in this lovely natural sanctuary.
• Kathryn Abbey Hanna Park: Kathryn Abbey Hanna Park in Jacksonville FL, offers a gorgeous beach, wooded paths, and a 60-acre fresh water lake for leisure. It's a well-known place for camping, surfing, kayaking, and biking.
• Jacksonville Arboretum and Gardens: Jacksonville Arboretum & Gardens provides a beautiful natural escape with diverse paths and specialty gardens. Guests can discover a range of plant species and savor tranquil outdoor recreation.
• Memorial Park: Memorial Park is a 5.25-acre park that serves as a tribute to the over 1,200 Floridians who gave their lives in World War I. The park features a sculpture, reflecting pool, and gardens, providing a place for memory and thought. Jacksonville FL
• Hemming Park: Hemming Park is Jacksonville FL's oldest park, a historical public square holding events, markets, and community get-togethers. It provides a lush space in the center of downtown with art installations and a vibrant ambiance.
• Metropolitan Park: Metropolitan Park in Jacksonville FL provides a beautiful waterfront setting for events and leisure. With playgrounds, a concert venue, and breathtaking views, it is a well-known destination for locals and visitors alike.
• Confederate Park: Confederate Park in Jacksonville FL, was initially designated to honor Confederate soldiers and sailors. It has since been renamed and re-purposed as a space for local events and recreation.
• Beaches Museum and History Park: Beaches Museum & History Park protects and communicates the one-of-a-kind history of Jacksonville's beaches. Explore exhibits on nearby life-saving, surfing, and original beach communities.
• Atlantic Beach: Atlantic Beach features a delightful coastal town with beautiful beaches and a peaceful atmosphere. Guests can enjoy surfing, swimming, and discovering local shops and restaurants in Jacksonville FL.
• Neptune Beach: Neptune Beach offers a classic Florida beach town feeling with its grainy beaches and relaxed vibe. Guests can experience surfing, swimming, and discovering local shops and restaurants near Jacksonville FL.
• Jacksonville Beach: Jacksonville Beach is a lively coastal city known for its sandy shores and surfing scene. It offers a blend of leisure activities, restaurants, and nightlife along the Atlantic Ocean.
• Huguenot Memorial Park: This park provides a beautiful beachfront spot with opportunities for campgrounds, fishing, and birdwatching. Visitors can enjoy the natural charm of the area with its diverse wildlife and scenic coastal views in Jacksonville FL.
• Castaway Island Preserve: Castaway Island Preserve in Jacksonville FL, offers scenic trails and boardwalks through varied ecosystems. Visitors can relish walks in nature, birdwatching, and exploring the splendor of the shoreline environment.
• Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State Park: Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State Park in Jacksonville FL preserves the dirt remnants of a Civil War-era Confederate fort. Guests can explore the historic location and discover regarding its meaning by way of informative displays.
• Mandarin Museum & Historical Society: The Mandarin Museum & Historical Society safeguards the history of the Mandarin within Jacksonville FL. Visitors can discover displays and relics that display the region's distinctive past.
• Museum of Southern History: The Museum of Southern History exhibits relics and exhibits related to the history and culture of the Southern United States. Guests can explore a range of topics, such as the Civil War, slavery, and Southern art and literature. Jacksonville FL
• The Catty Shack Ranch Wildlife Sanctuary: The Catty Shack Ranch Wildlife Sanctuary in Jacksonville FL, provides guided foot tours to see rescued big cats and other exotic animals. It's a not-for-profit organization dedicated to offering a secure, caring, forever home for these animals.

Bold City Heating & Air

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8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256, United States

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That Florida sun? It doesn’t play. Prepping your HVAC system now means cool breezes later. Clean filters ✔️ Check refrigerant ✔️ Program thermostats ✔️ 🔥 Be heatwave-ready with Bold City Heating & Air! Book your seasonal check-up and beat the summer rush!

3 days ago

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Randolph and the crew were so nice and they did a AWESOME Job of putting in new ductwork & installation. Great group of guys. RT would answer any questions you had. Felt comfortable with them in my home. From the girl at the front desk to everyone involved Thank You!! I Appreciate you all. I definitely would recommend this company to anyone 😊

a year ago

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Why would an AC heater not be turning on?

An AC heater may not turn on due to power issues like tripped circuit breakers, blown fuses, or loose wiring, thermostat problems such as dead batteries, incorrect settings, or a faulty unit, or safety features engaging due to clogged filte …

6 months ago

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1,687 reviews

"Best price and service I have ever had with an HVAC partner"

"Excellent workmanship, knowledgeable, friendly staff from owner to employees."

"They’ve been charging the service contract now the unit does not work."

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Abe Fernandez

11 reviews · 11 photos

a week ago

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DO NOT HIRE THIS COMPANY. TOOK THEM TO COURT AND WON!

We hired Bold City Heating and Air to replace all our air ducts, and the work they performed was shockingly defective. After the job was done we noticed that … More

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Kenneth Jefferson

5 reviews · 3 photos

2 months ago

Jacob; Ben & Josie were very professional and efficient. If I could give 10 stars I would. Very knowledgeable and they kept me informed throughout the whole process of my complete AC installation. The entire process was easy with Bold City … More

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Response from the owner 2 months ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, Kenneth & Monique! We're thrilled to hear that Jacob, Ben, and Josie provided you with professional and efficient service during your complete AC installation. At Bold City Heating & Air, … More

WILLIAM MOSIER

2 reviews · 4 photos

a month ago

Crew showed up on time got done earlier than expected. Everything was clean. They were quiet. I was able to work throughout the day while they were installing. Couldn’t have been more perfect. Happy with the service.

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Response from the owner a month ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, William! We're thrilled to hear that our team at Bold City Heating & Air made the installation process seamless and respectful of your work day. We appreciate your support and are glad you’re happy with our service! Let us know if you need anything else in the future!

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Bold City Heating & Air

HVAC & Air Conditioning Repair in Jacksonville, FL

Bold City offers premium HVAC service and competitive pricing to the Jacksonville, Jacksonville Beaches and Ponte Vedra areas.

24/7 Fast and Reliable. Jacksonville Grown. Family Owned & Operated.

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Summer HVAC Tune Up for Just $89

Get your system ready for the heat!

We’ll inspect, clean, and fine tune your HVAC to boost efficiency, prevent breakdowns, and keep you cool all season long.

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Jacksonville’s Best HVAC Company

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At Bold City Heating & Air, we offer our customers exceptional service when it comes to HVAC in Jacksonville, FL.

From heating and cooling repairs to energy-efficient HVAC installations that save you money, we do it all. When we opened our family-owned business in 2016, we knew we wanted to be the best around and that’s a passion that still stands.

From the moment you call us to the moment we carry out our work, you can depend on us. We believe in clear upfront pricing, no hidden costs, and the highest level of workmanship. With our NATE-certified technicians and Energy Star systems we give you the perfect combination of choice, value, and customer care.
“Experience the Bold Difference” that is Bold City Heating & Air by calling us today!

We Believe In:

Clear Upfront Pricing

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High-Level Workmanship

Trusted Heating and Air Pros in Jacksonville

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When it comes to heating and air services in Jacksonville, we offer all the services you need under one roof. But that’s not where our story ends.

From your HVAC system to your ducts and indoor air quality we offer a complete end-to-end solution. Our team is at the heart of everything we do. Our continuous program of education and training ensures our technicians are the best they can be. It also means our entire team stays up to date with the latest systems and technology. From our Energy Star systems to our whole-house approach, you can depend on every service and product we have to offer.

Our educated and experienced HVAC technicians specialize in a broad range of air conditioning, heating & indoor air quality solutions. We are dedicated to finding the right fit for your home or business. Our broad range of expertise ensures a solution to every challenge.

Satisfaction Guaranteed

Prioritizing satisfaction, Bold City Heating & Air exemplifies customer service.

Our Team Will:

• Keep Your Informed
• Target Your Goals

• Provide Honest Answers

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Heating

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Number One For Heating & Cooling

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Keeping you comfortable is our top priority!

When you need an HVAC contractor backed by generations of experience and who truly cares about your satisfaction, turn to Bold City Heating & Air. From air conditioning repairs to the installation of a new energy-efficient heating system, you can depend on our team. We’ll get to you as quickly as we can to solve any problem you might be experiencing.

If you need help with HVAC installation or replacement, we’ll recommend the perfect system and provide you with a competitive quote. We’ll help you to save money on your energy costs going forward and can even help with financing on approved credit.

Jacksonville Grown. Family Owned & Operated.

See What Our Customers Are Saying About Us!

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Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

Another excellent job by Bold City. Bryan was on time, thorough, explained his analysis and solution, and completed the job. He demonstrated knowledge and expertise while providing a high level of customer service. Well done!!

John L.

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

Another excellent job by Bold City. Bryan was on time, thorough, explained his analysis and solution, and completed the job. He demonstrated knowledge and expertise while providing a high level of customer service. Well done!!

John L.

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

An HVAC Team You Can Trust

---

When you’re looking for an HVAC company that you can count on, look no further than Bold City Heating & Air.

Why not try out our award-winning service for yourself? We promise to never give you the upsell. Our technicians don’t get paid commission and we don’t focus on profit margins. We know that if we give our customers the best service, our profits will look after themselves. Whether you’re looking for heating and cooling repairs in Jacksonville or you need HVAC installation or maintenance, speak to our friendly family-owned team.

We’re proud to offer our high quality HVAC services to the residents of Jacksonville. Contact our team at Bold City Heating & Air today and experience our great service for yourself!

Contact Your Bold City Specialist Today

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Air conditioning

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about cooling of air. For the Curved Air album, see Air Conditioning (album). For a similar device capable of both cooling and heating, see Heat pump.

"a/c" redirects here. For the abbreviation used in banking and book-keeping, see Account (disambiguation). For other uses, see AC.

There are various types of air conditioners. Popular examples include: Window-mounted air conditioner (China, 2023); Ceiling-mounted cassette air conditioner (China, 2023); Wall-mounted air conditioner (Japan, 2020); Ceiling-mounted console (Also called ceiling suspended) air conditioner (China, 2023); and portable air conditioner (Vatican City, 2018).

Air conditioning, often abbreviated as A/C (US) or air con (UK),^[1] is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space to achieve a more comfortable interior temperature and in some cases also controlling the humidity of internal air. Air conditioning can be achieved using a mechanical 'air conditioner' or through other methods, including passive cooling and ventilative cooling.^[2][3] Air conditioning is a member of a family of systems and techniques that provide heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC).^[4] Heat pumps are similar in many ways to air conditioners but use a reversing valve, allowing them to both heat and cool an enclosed space.^[5]

Air conditioners, which typically use vapor-compression refrigeration, range in size from small units used in vehicles or single rooms to massive units that can cool large buildings.^[6] Air source heat pumps, which can be used for heating as well as cooling, are becoming increasingly common in cooler climates.

Air conditioners can reduce mortality rates due to higher temperature.^[7] According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used globally in 2016.^[8] The United Nations called for the technology to be made more sustainable to mitigate climate change and for the use of alternatives, like passive cooling, evaporative cooling, selective shading, windcatchers, and better thermal insulation.

History

[edit]

Air conditioning dates back to prehistory.^[9] Double-walled living quarters, with a gap between the two walls to encourage air flow, were found in the ancient city of Hamoukar, in modern Syria.^[10] Ancient Egyptian buildings also used a wide variety of passive air-conditioning techniques.^[11] These became widespread from the Iberian Peninsula through North Africa, the Middle East, and Northern India.^[12]

Passive techniques remained widespread until the 20th century when they fell out of fashion and were replaced by powered air conditioning. Using information from engineering studies of traditional buildings, passive techniques are being revived and modified for 21st-century architectural designs.^[13][12]

Air conditioners allow the building's indoor environment to remain relatively constant, largely independent of changes in external weather conditions and internal heat loads. They also enable deep plan buildings to be created and have allowed people to live comfortably in hotter parts of the world.^[14]

Development

[edit]

Preceding discoveries

[edit]

In 1558, Giambattista della Porta described a method of chilling ice to temperatures far below its freezing point by mixing it with potassium nitrate (then called "nitre") in his popular science book Natural Magic.^[15][16][17] In 1620, Cornelis Drebbel demonstrated "Turning Summer into Winter" for James I of England, chilling part of the Great Hall of Westminster Abbey with an apparatus of troughs and vats.^[18] Drebbel's contemporary Francis Bacon, like della Porta a believer in science communication, may not have been present at the demonstration, but in a book published later the same year, he described it as "experiment of artificial freezing" and said that "Nitre (or rather its spirit) is very cold, and hence nitre or salt when added to snow or ice intensifies the cold of the latter, the nitre by adding to its cold, but the salt by supplying activity to the cold of the snow."^[15]

In 1758, Benjamin Franklin and John Hadley, a chemistry professor at the University of Cambridge, conducted experiments applying the principle of evaporation as a means to cool an object rapidly. Franklin and Hadley confirmed that the evaporation of highly volatile liquids (such as alcohol and ether) could be used to drive down the temperature of an object past the freezing point of water. They experimented with the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer as their object. They used a bellows to speed up the evaporation. They lowered the temperature of the thermometer bulb down to −14 °C (7 °F) while the ambient temperature was 18 °C (64 °F). Franklin noted that soon after they passed the freezing point of water 0 °C (32 °F), a thin film of ice formed on the surface of the thermometer's bulb and that the ice mass was about 6 mm (1⁄4 in) thick when they stopped the experiment upon reaching −14 °C (7 °F). Franklin concluded: "From this experiment, one may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer's day."^[19]

The 19th century included many developments in compression technology. In 1820, English scientist and inventor Michael Faraday discovered that compressing and liquefying ammonia could chill air when the liquefied ammonia was allowed to evaporate.^[20] In 1842, Florida physician John Gorrie used compressor technology to create ice, which he used to cool air for his patients in his hospital in Apalachicola, Florida. He hoped to eventually use his ice-making machine to regulate the temperature of buildings.^[20][21] He envisioned centralized air conditioning that could cool entire cities. Gorrie was granted a patent in 1851,^[22] but following the death of his main backer, he was not able to realize his invention.^[23] In 1851, James Harrison created the first mechanical ice-making machine in Geelong, Australia, and was granted a patent for an ether vapor-compression refrigeration system in 1855 that produced three tons of ice per day.^[24] In 1860, Harrison established a second ice company. He later entered the debate over competing against the American advantage of ice-refrigerated beef sales to the United Kingdom.^[24]

First devices

[edit]

Electricity made the development of effective units possible. In 1901, American inventor Willis H. Carrier built what is considered the first modern electrical air conditioning unit.^{[25][26][27][28]} In 1902, he installed his first air-conditioning system, in the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing & Publishing Company in Brooklyn, New York.^[29] His invention controlled both the temperature and humidity, which helped maintain consistent paper dimensions and ink alignment at the printing plant. Later, together with six other employees, Carrier formed The Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America, a business that in 2020 employed 53,000 people and was valued at $18.6 billion.^[30][31]

In 1906, Stuart W. Cramer of Charlotte, North Carolina, was exploring ways to add moisture to the air in his textile mill. Cramer coined the term "air conditioning" in a patent claim which he filed that year, where he suggested that air conditioning was analogous to "water conditioning", then a well-known process for making textiles easier to process.^[32] He combined moisture with ventilation to "condition" and change the air in the factories; thus, controlling the humidity that is necessary in textile plants. Willis Carrier adopted the term and incorporated it into the name of his company.^[33]

Domestic air conditioning soon took off. In 1914, the first domestic air conditioning was installed in Minneapolis in the home of Charles Gilbert Gates. It is, however, possible that the considerable device (c. 2.1 m × 1.8 m × 6.1 m; 7 ft × 6 ft × 20 ft) was never used, as the house remained uninhabited^[20] (Gates had already died in October 1913.)

In 1931, H.H. Schultz and J.Q. Sherman developed what would become the most common type of individual room air conditioner: one designed to sit on a window ledge. The units went on sale in 1932 at US$10,000 to $50,000 (the equivalent of $200,000 to $1,200,000 in 2024.)^[20] A year later, the first air conditioning systems for cars were offered for sale.^[34] Chrysler Motors introduced the first practical semi-portable air conditioning unit in 1935,^[35] and Packard became the first automobile manufacturer to offer an air conditioning unit in its cars in 1939.^[36]

Further development

[edit]

Innovations in the latter half of the 20th century allowed more ubiquitous air conditioner use. In 1945, Robert Sherman of Lynn, Massachusetts, invented a portable, in-window air conditioner that cooled, heated, humidified, dehumidified, and filtered the air.^[37] The first inverter air conditioners were released in 1980–1981.^[38][39]

In 1954, Ned Cole, a 1939 architecture graduate from the University of Texas at Austin, developed the first experimental "suburb" with inbuilt air conditioning in each house. 22 homes were developed on a flat, treeless track in northwest Austin, Texas, and the community was christened the 'Austin Air-Conditioned Village.' The residents were subjected to a year-long study of the effects of air conditioning led by the nation’s premier air conditioning companies, builders, and social scientists. In addition, researchers from UT’s Health Service and Psychology Department studied the effects on the "artificially cooled humans." One of the more amusing discoveries was that each family reported being troubled with scorpions, the leading theory being that scorpions sought cool, shady places. Other reported changes in lifestyle were that mothers baked more, families ate heavier foods, and they were more apt to choose hot drinks.^[40][41]

Air conditioner adoption tends to increase above around $10,000 annual household income in warmer areas.^[42] Global GDP growth explains around 85% of increased air condition adoption by 2050, while the remaining 15% can be explained by climate change.^[42]

As of 2016 an estimated 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used worldwide, with over half of them in China and USA, and a total cooling capacity of 11,675 gigawatts.^[8][43] The International Energy Agency predicted in 2018 that the number of air conditioning units would grow to around 4 billion units by 2050 and that the total cooling capacity would grow to around 23,000 GW, with the biggest increases in India and China.^[8] Between 1995 and 2004, the proportion of urban households in China with air conditioners increased from 8% to 70%.^[44] As of 2015, nearly 100 million homes, or about 87% of US households, had air conditioning systems.^[45] In 2019, it was estimated that 90% of new single-family homes constructed in the US included air conditioning (ranging from 99% in the South to 62% in the West).^[46][47]

Operation

[edit]

Operating principles

[edit]

Main article: Vapor-compression refrigeration

Cooling in traditional air conditioner systems is accomplished using the vapor-compression cycle, which uses a refrigerant's forced circulation and phase change between gas and liquid to transfer heat.^[48][49] The vapor-compression cycle can occur within a unitary, or packaged piece of equipment; or within a chiller that is connected to terminal cooling equipment (such as a fan coil unit in an air handler) on its evaporator side and heat rejection equipment such as a cooling tower on its condenser side. An air source heat pump shares many components with an air conditioning system, but includes a reversing valve, which allows the unit to be used to heat as well as cool a space.^[50]

Air conditioning equipment will reduce the absolute humidity of the air processed by the system if the surface of the evaporator coil is significantly cooler than the dew point of the surrounding air. An air conditioner designed for an occupied space will typically achieve a 30% to 60% relative humidity in the occupied space.^[51]

Most modern air-conditioning systems feature a dehumidification cycle during which the compressor runs. At the same time, the fan is slowed to reduce the evaporator temperature and condense more water. A dehumidifier uses the same refrigeration cycle but incorporates both the evaporator and the condenser into the same air path; the air first passes over the evaporator coil, where it is cooled^[52] and dehumidified before passing over the condenser coil, where it is warmed again before it is released back into the room.^{[citation needed]}

Free cooling can sometimes be selected when the external air is cooler than the internal air. Therefore, the compressor does not need to be used, resulting in high cooling efficiencies for these times. This may also be combined with seasonal thermal energy storage.^[53]

Heating

[edit]

Main article: Heat pump

Some air conditioning systems can reverse the refrigeration cycle and act as an air source heat pump, thus heating instead of cooling the indoor environment. They are also commonly referred to as "reverse cycle air conditioners". The heat pump is significantly more energy-efficient than electric resistance heating, because it moves energy from air or groundwater to the heated space and the heat from purchased electrical energy. When the heat pump is in heating mode, the indoor evaporator coil switches roles and becomes the condenser coil, producing heat. The outdoor condenser unit also switches roles to serve as the evaporator and discharges cold air (colder than the ambient outdoor air).

Most air source heat pumps become less efficient in outdoor temperatures lower than 4 °C or 40 °F.^[54] This is partly because ice forms on the outdoor unit's heat exchanger coil, which blocks air flow over the coil. To compensate for this, the heat pump system must temporarily switch back into the regular air conditioning mode to switch the outdoor evaporator coil back to the condenser coil, to heat up and defrost. Therefore, some heat pump systems will have electric resistance heating in the indoor air path that is activated only in this mode to compensate for the temporary indoor air cooling, which would otherwise be uncomfortable in the winter.

Newer models have improved cold-weather performance, with efficient heating capacity down to −14 °F (−26 °C).^[55][54][56] However, there is always a chance that the humidity that condenses on the heat exchanger of the outdoor unit could freeze, even in models that have improved cold-weather performance, requiring a defrosting cycle to be performed.

The icing problem becomes much more severe with lower outdoor temperatures, so heat pumps are sometimes installed in tandem with a more conventional form of heating, such as an electrical heater, a natural gas, heating oil, or wood-burning fireplace or central heating, which is used instead of or in addition to the heat pump during harsher winter temperatures. In this case, the heat pump is used efficiently during milder temperatures, and the system is switched to the conventional heat source when the outdoor temperature is lower.

Performance

[edit]

Main articles: coefficient of performance, Seasonal energy efficiency ratio, and European seasonal energy efficiency ratio

The coefficient of performance (COP) of an air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to the work required.^[57][58] Higher COPs equate to lower operating costs. The COP usually exceeds 1; however, the exact value is highly dependent on operating conditions, especially absolute temperature and relative temperature between sink and system, and is often graphed or averaged against expected conditions.^[59] Air conditioner equipment power in the U.S. is often described in terms of "tons of refrigeration", with each approximately equal to the cooling power of one short ton (2,000 pounds (910 kg) of ice melting in a 24-hour period. The value is equal to 12,000 BTU_IT per hour, or 3,517 watts.^[60] Residential central air systems are usually from 1 to 5 tons (3.5 to 18 kW) in capacity.^{[citation needed]}

The efficiency of air conditioners is often rated by the seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), which is defined by the Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute in its 2008 standard AHRI 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment.^[61] A similar standard is the European seasonal energy efficiency ratio (ESEER).^{[citation needed]}

Efficiency is strongly affected by the humidity of the air to be cooled. Dehumidifying the air before attempting to cool it can reduce subsequent cooling costs by as much as 90 percent. Thus, reducing dehumidifying costs can materially affect overall air conditioning costs.^[62]

Control system

[edit]

Wireless remote control

[edit]

Main articles: Remote control and Infrared blaster

A wireless remote controller

The infrared transmitting LED on the remote

The infrared receiver on the air conditioner

This type of controller uses an infrared LED to relay commands from a remote control to the air conditioner. The output of the infrared LED (like that of any infrared remote) is invisible to the human eye because its wavelength is beyond the range of visible light (940 nm). This system is commonly used on mini-split air conditioners because it is simple and portable. Some window and ducted central air conditioners uses it as well.

Wired controller

[edit]

Main article: Thermostat

Several wired controllers (Indonesia, 2024)

A wired controller, also called a "wired thermostat," is a device that controls an air conditioner by switching heating or cooling on or off. It uses different sensors to measure temperatures and actuate control operations. Mechanical thermostats commonly use bimetallic strips, converting a temperature change into mechanical displacement, to actuate control of the air conditioner. Electronic thermostats, instead, use a thermistor or other semiconductor sensor, processing temperature change as electronic signals to control the air conditioner.

These controllers are usually used in hotel rooms because they are permanently installed into a wall and hard-wired directly into the air conditioner unit, eliminating the need for batteries.

Types

[edit]

Types	Typical Capacity*	Air supply	Mounting	Typical application
Mini-split	small – large	Direct	Wall	Residential
Window	very small – small	Direct	Window	Residential
Portable	very small – small	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Residential, remote areas
Ducted (individual)	small – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ducted (central)	medium – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ceiling suspended	medium – large	Direct	Ceiling	Commercial
Cassette	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Ceiling	Commercial
Floor standing	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged	very large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged RTU (Rooftop Unit)	very large	Ducted	Rooftop	Commercial

* where the typical capacity is in kilowatt as follows:

• very small: <1.5 kW
• small: 1.5–3.5 kW
• medium: 4.2–7.1 kW
• large: 7.2–14 kW
• very large: >14 kW

Mini-split and multi-split systems

[edit]

Ductless systems (often mini-split, though there are now ducted mini-split) typically supply conditioned and heated air to a single or a few rooms of a building, without ducts and in a decentralized manner.^[63] Multi-zone or multi-split systems are a common application of ductless systems and allow up to eight rooms (zones or locations) to be conditioned independently from each other, each with its indoor unit and simultaneously from a single outdoor unit.

The first mini-split system was sold in 1961 by Toshiba in Japan, and the first wall-mounted mini-split air conditioner was sold in 1968 in Japan by Mitsubishi Electric, where small home sizes motivated their development. The Mitsubishi model was the first air conditioner with a cross-flow fan.^[64][65][66] In 1969, the first mini-split air conditioner was sold in the US.^[67] Multi-zone ductless systems were invented by Daikin in 1973, and variable refrigerant flow systems (which can be thought of as larger multi-split systems) were also invented by Daikin in 1982. Both were first sold in Japan.^[68] Variable refrigerant flow systems when compared with central plant cooling from an air handler, eliminate the need for large cool air ducts, air handlers, and chillers; instead cool refrigerant is transported through much smaller pipes to the indoor units in the spaces to be conditioned, thus allowing for less space above dropped ceilings and a lower structural impact, while also allowing for more individual and independent temperature control of spaces. The outdoor and indoor units can be spread across the building.^[69] Variable refrigerant flow indoor units can also be turned off individually in unused spaces.^{[citation needed]} The lower start-up power of VRF's DC inverter compressors and their inherent DC power requirements also allow VRF solar-powered heat pumps to be run using DC-providing solar panels.

Ducted central systems

[edit]

Split-system central air conditioners consist of two heat exchangers, an outside unit (the condenser) from which heat is rejected to the environment and an internal heat exchanger (the evaporator, or Fan Coil Unit, FCU) with the piped refrigerant being circulated between the two. The FCU is then connected to the spaces to be cooled by ventilation ducts.^[70] Floor standing air conditioners are similar to this type of air conditioner but sit within spaces that need cooling.

Central plant cooling

[edit]

See also: Chiller

Large central cooling plants may use intermediate coolant such as chilled water pumped into air handlers or fan coil units near or in the spaces to be cooled which then duct or deliver cold air into the spaces to be conditioned, rather than ducting cold air directly to these spaces from the plant, which is not done due to the low density and heat capacity of air, which would require impractically large ducts. The chilled water is cooled by chillers in the plant, which uses a refrigeration cycle to cool water, often transferring its heat to the atmosphere even in liquid-cooled chillers through the use of cooling towers. Chillers may be air- or liquid-cooled.^[71][72]

Portable units

[edit]

A portable system has an indoor unit on wheels connected to an outdoor unit via flexible pipes, similar to a permanently fixed installed unit (such as a ductless split air conditioner).

Hose systems, which can be monoblock or air-to-air, are vented to the outside via air ducts. The monoblock type collects the water in a bucket or tray and stops when full. The air-to-air type re-evaporates the water, discharges it through the ducted hose, and can run continuously. Many but not all portable units draw indoor air and expel it outdoors through a single duct, negatively impacting their overall cooling efficiency.

Many portable air conditioners come with heat as well as a dehumidification function.^[73]

Window unit and packaged terminal

[edit]

Main article: Packaged terminal air conditioner

The packaged terminal air conditioner (PTAC), through-the-wall, and window air conditioners are similar. These units are installed on a window frame or on a wall opening. The unit usually has an internal partition separating its indoor and outdoor sides, which contain the unit's condenser and evaporator, respectively. PTAC systems may be adapted to provide heating in cold weather, either directly by using an electric strip, gas, or other heaters, or by reversing the refrigerant flow to heat the interior and draw heat from the exterior air, converting the air conditioner into a heat pump. They may be installed in a wall opening with the help of a special sleeve on the wall and a custom grill that is flush with the wall and window air conditioners can also be installed in a window, but without a custom grill.^[74]

Packaged air conditioner

[edit]

Packaged air conditioners (also known as self-contained units)^[75][76] are central systems that integrate into a single housing all the components of a split central system, and deliver air, possibly through ducts, to the spaces to be cooled. Depending on their construction they may be outdoors or indoors, on roofs (rooftop units),^[77][78] draw the air to be conditioned from inside or outside a building and be water or air-cooled. Often, outdoor units are air-cooled while indoor units are liquid-cooled using a cooling tower.^{[70][79][80][81][82][83]}

Types of compressors

[edit]

Compressor types	Common applications	Typical capacity	Efficiency	Durability	Repairability
Reciprocating	Refrigerator, Walk-in freezer, portable air conditioners	small – large	very low (small capacity) medium (large capacity)	very low	medium
Rotary vane	Residential mini splits	small	low	low	easy
Scroll	Commercial and central systems, VRF	medium	medium	medium	easy
Rotary screw	Commercial chiller	medium – large	medium	medium	hard
Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	medium	high	hard
Maglev Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	high	very high	very hard

Reciprocating

[edit]

Main article: Reciprocating compressor

This compressor consists of a crankcase, crankshaft, piston rod, piston, piston ring, cylinder head and valves. ^{[citation needed]}

Scroll

[edit]

Main article: Scroll compressor

This compressor uses two interleaving scrolls to compress the refrigerant.^[84] it consists of one fixed and one orbiting scrolls. This type of compressor is more efficient because it has 70 percent less moving parts than a reciprocating compressor. ^{[citation needed]}

Screw

[edit]

Main article: Rotary-screw compressor

This compressor use two very closely meshing spiral rotors to compress the gas. The gas enters at the suction side and moves through the threads as the screws rotate. The meshing rotors force the gas through the compressor, and the gas exits at the end of the screws. The working area is the inter-lobe volume between the male and female rotors. It is larger at the intake end, and decreases along the length of the rotors until the exhaust port. This change in volume is the compression. ^{[citation needed]}

Capacity modulation technologies

[edit]

There are several ways to modulate the cooling capacity in refrigeration or air conditioning and heating systems. The most common in air conditioning are: on-off cycling, hot gas bypass, use or not of liquid injection, manifold configurations of multiple compressors, mechanical modulation (also called digital), and inverter technology. ^{[citation needed]}

Hot gas bypass

[edit]

Hot gas bypass involves injecting a quantity of gas from discharge to the suction side. The compressor will keep operating at the same speed, but due to the bypass, the refrigerant mass flow circulating with the system is reduced, and thus the cooling capacity. This naturally causes the compressor to run uselessly during the periods when the bypass is operating. The turn down capacity varies between 0 and 100%.^[85]

Manifold configurations

[edit]

Several compressors can be installed in the system to provide the peak cooling capacity. Each compressor can run or not in order to stage the cooling capacity of the unit. The turn down capacity is either 0/33/66 or 100% for a trio configuration and either 0/50 or 100% for a tandem.^{[citation needed]}

Mechanically modulated compressor

[edit]

This internal mechanical capacity modulation is based on periodic compression process with a control valve, the two scroll set move apart stopping the compression for a given time period. This method varies refrigerant flow by changing the average time of compression, but not the actual speed of the motor. Despite an excellent turndown ratio – from 10 to 100% of the cooling capacity, mechanically modulated scrolls have high energy consumption as the motor continuously runs.^{[citation needed]}

Variable-speed compressor

[edit]

Main article: Inverter compressor

This system uses a variable-frequency drive (also called an Inverter) to control the speed of the compressor. The refrigerant flow rate is changed by the change in the speed of the compressor. The turn down ratio depends on the system configuration and manufacturer. It modulates from 15 or 25% up to 100% at full capacity with a single inverter from 12 to 100% with a hybrid tandem. This method is the most efficient way to modulate an air conditioner's capacity. It is up to 58% more efficient than a fixed speed system.^{[citation needed]}

Impact

[edit]

Health effects

[edit]

In hot weather, air conditioning can prevent heat stroke, dehydration due to excessive sweating, electrolyte imbalance, kidney failure, and other issues due to hyperthermia.^[8][86] Heat waves are the most lethal type of weather phenomenon in the United States.^[87][88] A 2020 study found that areas with lower use of air conditioning correlated with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] The August 2003 France heatwave resulted in approximately 15,000 deaths, where 80% of the victims were over 75 years old. In response, the French government required all retirement homes to have at least one air-conditioned room at 25 °C (77 °F) per floor during heatwaves.^[8]

Air conditioning (including filtration, humidification, cooling and disinfection) can be used to provide a clean, safe, hypoallergenic atmosphere in hospital operating rooms and other environments where proper atmosphere is critical to patient safety and well-being. It is sometimes recommended for home use by people with allergies, especially mold.^[90][91] However, poorly maintained water cooling towers can promote the growth and spread of microorganisms such as Legionella pneumophila, the infectious agent responsible for Legionnaires' disease. As long as the cooling tower is kept clean (usually by means of a chlorine treatment), these health hazards can be avoided or reduced. The state of New York has codified requirements for registration, maintenance, and testing of cooling towers to protect against Legionella.^[92]

Economic effects

[edit]

First designed to benefit targeted industries such as the press as well as large factories, the invention quickly spread to public agencies and administrations with studies with claims of increased productivity close to 24% in places equipped with air conditioning.^[93]

Air conditioning caused various shifts in demography, notably that of the United States starting from the 1970s. In the US, the birth rate was lower in the spring than during other seasons until the 1970s but this difference then declined since then.^[94] As of 2007, the Sun Belt contained 30% of the total US population while it was inhabited by 24% of Americans at the beginning of the 20th century.^[95] Moreover, the summer mortality rate in the US, which had been higher in regions subject to a heat wave during the summer, also evened out.^[7]

The spread of the use of air conditioning acts as a main driver for the growth of global demand of electricity.^[96] According to a 2018 report from the International Energy Agency (IEA), it was revealed that the energy consumption for cooling in the United States, involving 328 million Americans, surpasses the combined energy consumption of 4.4 billion people in Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, and Asia (excluding China).^[8] A 2020 survey found that an estimated 88% of all US households use AC, increasing to 93% when solely looking at homes built between 2010 and 2020.^[97]

Environmental effects

[edit]

Space cooling including air conditioning accounted globally for 2021 terawatt-hours of energy usage in 2016 with around 99% in the form of electricity, according to a 2018 report on air-conditioning efficiency by the International Energy Agency.^[8] The report predicts an increase of electricity usage due to space cooling to around 6200 TWh by 2050,^[8][98] and that with the progress currently seen, greenhouse gas emissions attributable to space cooling will double: 1,135 million tons (2016) to 2,070 million tons.^[8] There is some push to increase the energy efficiency of air conditioners. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the IEA found that if air conditioners could be twice as effective as now, 460 billion tons of GHG could be cut over 40 years.^[99] The UNEP and IEA also recommended legislation to decrease the use of hydrofluorocarbons, better building insulation, and more sustainable temperature-controlled food supply chains going forward.^[99]

Refrigerants have also caused and continue to cause serious environmental issues, including ozone depletion and climate change, as several countries have not yet ratified the Kigali Amendment to reduce the consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons.^[100] CFCs and HCFCs refrigerants such as R-12 and R-22, respectively, used within air conditioners have caused damage to the ozone layer,^[101] and hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants such as R-410A and R-404A, which were designed to replace CFCs and HCFCs, are instead exacerbating climate change.^[102] Both issues happen due to the venting of refrigerant to the atmosphere, such as during repairs. HFO refrigerants, used in some if not most new equipment, solve both issues with an ozone damage potential (ODP) of zero and a much lower global warming potential (GWP) in the single or double digits vs. the three or four digits of hydrofluorocarbons.^[103]

Hydrofluorocarbons would have raised global temperatures by around 0.3–0.5 °C (0.5–0.9 °F) by 2100 without the Kigali Amendment. With the Kigali Amendment, the increase of global temperatures by 2100 due to hydrofluorocarbons is predicted to be around 0.06 °C (0.1 °F).^[104]

Alternatives to continual air conditioning include passive cooling, passive solar cooling, natural ventilation, operating shades to reduce solar gain, using trees, architectural shades, windows (and using window coatings) to reduce solar gain.^{[citation needed]}

Social effects

[edit]

Socioeconomic groups with a household income below around $10,000 tend to have a low air conditioning adoption,^[42] which worsens heat-related mortality.^[7] The lack of cooling can be hazardous, as areas with lower use of air conditioning correlate with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] Premature mortality in NYC is projected to grow between 47% and 95% in 30 years, with lower-income and vulnerable populations most at risk.^[89] Studies on the correlation between heat-related mortality and hospitalizations and living in low socioeconomic locations can be traced in Phoenix, Arizona,^[105] Hong Kong,^[106] China,^[106] Japan,^[107] and Italy.^[108][109] Additionally, costs concerning health care can act as another barrier, as the lack of private health insurance during a 2009 heat wave in Australia, was associated with heat-related hospitalization.^[109]

Disparities in socioeconomic status and access to air conditioning are connected by some to institutionalized racism, which leads to the association of specific marginalized communities with lower economic status, poorer health, residing in hotter neighborhoods, engaging in physically demanding labor, and experiencing limited access to cooling technologies such as air conditioning.^[109] A study overlooking Chicago, Illinois, Detroit, and Michigan found that black households were half as likely to have central air conditioning units when compared to their white counterparts.^[110] Especially in cities, Redlining creates heat islands, increasing temperatures in certain parts of the city.^[109] This is due to materials heat-absorbing building materials and pavements and lack of vegetation and shade coverage.^[111] There have been initiatives that provide cooling solutions to low-income communities, such as public cooling spaces.^[8][111]

Other techniques

[edit]

Buildings designed with passive air conditioning are generally less expensive to construct and maintain than buildings with conventional HVAC systems with lower energy demands.^[112] While tens of air changes per hour, and cooling of tens of degrees, can be achieved with passive methods, site-specific microclimate must be taken into account, complicating building design.^[12]

Many techniques can be used to increase comfort and reduce the temperature in buildings. These include evaporative cooling, selective shading, wind, thermal convection, and heat storage.^[113]

Passive ventilation

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive ventilation.[edit]

Passive ventilation is the process of supplying air to and removing air from an indoor space without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor space as a result of pressure differences arising from natural forces.

There are two types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: wind driven ventilation and buoyancy-driven ventilation. Wind driven ventilation arises from the different pressures created by wind around a building or structure, and openings being formed on the perimeter which then permit flow through the building. Buoyancy-driven ventilation occurs as a result of the directional buoyancy force that results from temperature differences between the interior and exterior.^[114]

Since the internal heat gains which create temperature differences between the interior and exterior are created by natural processes, including the heat from people, and wind effects are variable, naturally ventilated buildings are sometimes called "breathing buildings".

Passive cooling

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive cooling.[edit]

Passive cooling is a building design approach that focuses on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building in order to improve the indoor thermal comfort with low or no energy consumption.^[115][116] This approach works either by preventing heat from entering the interior (heat gain prevention) or by removing heat from the building (natural cooling).^[117]

Natural cooling utilizes on-site energy, available from the natural environment, combined with the architectural design of building components (e.g. building envelope), rather than mechanical systems to dissipate heat.^[118] Therefore, natural cooling depends not only on the architectural design of the building but on how the site's natural resources are used as heat sinks (i.e. everything that absorbs or dissipates heat). Examples of on-site heat sinks are the upper atmosphere (night sky), the outdoor air (wind), and the earth/soil.

Passive cooling is an important tool for design of buildings for climate change adaptation – reducing dependency on energy-intensive air conditioning in warming environments.^[119][120]

Daytime radiative cooling

[edit]

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) surfaces reflect incoming solar radiation and heat back into outer space through the infrared window for cooling during the daytime. Daytime radiative cooling became possible with the ability to suppress solar heating using photonic structures, which emerged through a study by Raman et al. (2014).^[122] PDRCs can come in a variety of forms, including paint coatings and films, that are designed to be high in solar reflectance and thermal emittance.^[121][123]

PDRC applications on building roofs and envelopes have demonstrated significant decreases in energy consumption and costs.^[123] In suburban single-family residential areas, PDRC application on roofs can potentially lower energy costs by 26% to 46%.^[124] PDRCs are predicted to show a market size of ~$27 billion for indoor space cooling by 2025 and have undergone a surge in research and development since the 2010s.^[125][126]

Fans

[edit]

Main article: Ceiling fan

Hand fans have existed since prehistory. Large human-powered fans built into buildings include the punkah.

The 2nd-century Chinese inventor Ding Huan of the Han dynasty invented a rotary fan for air conditioning, with seven wheels 3 m (10 ft) in diameter and manually powered by prisoners.^{[127]: 99, 151, 233} In 747, Emperor Xuanzong (r. 712–762) of the Tang dynasty (618–907) had the Cool Hall (Liang Dian 涼殿) built in the imperial palace, which the Tang Yulin describes as having water-powered fan wheels for air conditioning as well as rising jet streams of water from fountains. During the subsequent Song dynasty (960–1279), written sources mentioned the air conditioning rotary fan as even more widely used.^{[127]: 134, 151}

Thermal buffering

[edit]

In areas that are cold at night or in winter, heat storage is used. Heat may be stored in earth or masonry; air is drawn past the masonry to heat or cool it.^[13]

In areas that are below freezing at night in winter, snow and ice can be collected and stored in ice houses for later use in cooling.^[13] This technique is over 3,700 years old in the Middle East.^[128] Harvesting outdoor ice during winter and transporting and storing for use in summer was practiced by wealthy Europeans in the early 1600s,^[15] and became popular in Europe and the Americas towards the end of the 1600s.^[129] This practice was replaced by mechanical compression-cycle icemakers.

Evaporative cooling

[edit]

Main article: Evaporative cooler

In dry, hot climates, the evaporative cooling effect may be used by placing water at the air intake, such that the draft draws air over water and then into the house. For this reason, it is sometimes said that the fountain, in the architecture of hot, arid climates, is like the fireplace in the architecture of cold climates.^[11] Evaporative cooling also makes the air more humid, which can be beneficial in a dry desert climate.^[130]

Evaporative coolers tend to feel as if they are not working during times of high humidity, when there is not much dry air with which the coolers can work to make the air as cool as possible for dwelling occupants. Unlike other types of air conditioners, evaporative coolers rely on the outside air to be channeled through cooler pads that cool the air before it reaches the inside of a house through its air duct system; this cooled outside air must be allowed to push the warmer air within the house out through an exhaust opening such as an open door or window.^[131]

See also

[edit]

• Air filter
• Air purifier
• Cleanroom
• Crankcase heater
• Energy recovery ventilation
• Indoor air quality
• Particulates

References

[edit]

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